ANTINOZJS, a beautiful youth of Claudiopolis in Bithynia was the favourite of the emperor Hadrian, whom he accompanied on his journeys. He committed suicide by drowning himself in the Nile (A.D. 130). After his death Hadrian caused the most extrava gant respect to be paid to his memory. He was raised to the rank of the gods; temples were built for his worship in Bithynia, Man tinea in Arcadia and Athens; festivals celebrated in his honour, and oracles delivered in his name. The city of Antinoopolis was founded on the ruins of Besa, where he died (Dio Cassius lix. 11 ; Spartianus, Hadrian). A number of statues, busts, gems, and coins represented Antinous as the ideal type of youthful beauty, often with the attributes of some special god. A colossal bust is in the Vatican; a bust in the Louvre, a bas relief from the Villa Albani, a statue in the Capitoline museum, another in Berlin, another in the Lateran, and many more exist.
See Levezow, Ober den Antinous (18°8); Ebers, Der Kaiser (1881) ; Antinous, A Romance of Ancient Rome, from the German of A. Hausrath, by M. Safford (1882) ; Dietrich, Antinoos (1884) ; Laban, Der Gemiitsausdruck des Antinoos (1891) ; F. Gregorovius, The Em peror Hadrian (trans. M. E. Robinson, 1898), Bk. II. chap. xvi.; B. W. Henderson, Life and Principate of Hadrian (1923), VIII. § 3. ANTIOCH (Mod. Anteikiyalz), the name of many ancient cities, the most famous of which was 'Avrtketa Eire Dackp (Pliny, Antiochia Epidaphnes) situated on the left bank of the Orontes about tom. from the sea in a fertile plain which separates the Lebanon ranges from the spurs of the Taurus. The physical disposition of the surrounding country which forced the main streams of north- and south-bound traffic into one channel in the Orontes valley, thereby determined that a city hereabouts would be in a favourable position to sift the trade of Asia Minor and the Upper Euphrates, of Egypt and Palestine.
Antigonus was the first to recognize the strategic importance of the neighbourhood. He began to build a city, An tigonia, a few miles farther north on the Kara-su (3o7 B.c.). On his defeat and death at Ipsus at the hands of his rival Seleucus Nicator (300, the latter after selecting a site with military ad vantages under Mons Silpius founded Antioch and made use of Antigonia as quarry for his building. To the original city laid out in imitation of the plan of Alexandria with two great colonnaded streets intersecting in the centre, other walled quarters were added on the east side by Antiochus I., on the north on an island by Seleucus II. and Antiochus III. Finally Antiochus IV. (Epiph anes) added a fourth quarter, thus giving rise to the name Tetrapolis. Happy in its situation Antioch flourished exceedingly, developed into a mighty centre of trade and by the 4th century A.D. had a population of nearly a quarter of a million. To the west about 4m. off was Daphne (mod. Beit
a delightful pleas ure resort of shady groves and running waters in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo founded by Seleucus I. The precincts of Daphne were endowed with the right of asylum and it became the haunt of society's outcasts (Tacitus, Ann. 36o). Its beauty and lax morals (Daphnici Mores) passed into a proverb in the western world and Antioch shared the fame and the infamy.
Under Antiochus I. (28o-261 B.c.) Antioch became the capital of the western section of the Seleucid empire and soon after the residence also of the Seleucid emperors. It enjoyed a great repu tation for letters and the arts (Cicero, pro Arch. 3) but there seems to have been little real intellectual life. The Antiochenes were turbulent, fickle and notoriously dissolute. They rose against Alexander Balas in 147 B.C. and Demetrius II. in 129. In 83 B.c. they turned against the weak Seleucids and opened the gates to Tigranes of Armenia. They tried to depose Antiochus XIII. (65 B.c.) and petitioned Rome successfully against his restoration. With Syria it passed to Rome (64 B.c.) but remained a civitas libera. Antioch was magnificent as its epithet "Golden" implies, but earthquakes to which the district has been peculiarly liable played havoc with its magnificence from time to time. The first recorded occurred in 148 B.C., doing immense damage, and as recently as 1872 a violent shock destroyed a large part of the old walls.
Although the Romans expressed freely their contempt for the Antiochenes, their emperors favoured the city as a worthy capital for their eastern empire. Caesar visited it in 47 B.C. and confirmed its freedom. Octavian, Tiberius, Trajan, Antoninus Pius and Hadrian adorned and equipped it with temple, theatre, colonnade, circus, bath, aqueduct, all the architectural features and embellish ments of a Roman metropolis. Diocletian built a vast palace on the island and Constantine a fine church. At Antioch Germanicus died (A.D. 19) and his body was buried in the forum. Titus set up the Cherubim taken from the Jerusalem Temple, over one of its gates. Commodus had Olympic games celebrated here. In A.D. 266 the town was suddenly raided by the Persians who slew many in the theatre. In 387 it lost its metropolitan status owing to the revolt against a new tax levied by Theodosius. Zeno re stored many of its public buildings and renamed it Theopolis only to see it ruined by an earthquake soon afterwards (526). And Chosroes completed the destruction (538).
Antioch was an early home of Chris tianity and its Church became in a special sense the mother of the Gentile churches. After the fall of Jerusalem it became the real metropolis of Christianity. It was the scene of the early evangelizing work of Paul and Barnabas and the home church whence they set forth on their missionary journeys and to which they returned to report results. Peter visited Antioch (Gal. ii. I I) and, basing its claim on a tradition that he remained there for a time as head of its Church, Antioch was accorded by the Council of Nicaea the place of honour after Alexandria and Rome. It was at Antioch that the term "Christian" was first given to con verts to the new faith (Acts xi. 26), as some maintain, in derision. So well was Christianity received there that by the end of the 4th century, its adherents were reckoned by Chrysostom at about 100,000. In 5o years (A.D. 252-300) as many as ten assemblies of the Church were held in Antioch. The favour shown by Julian to Jewish and pagan rites provoked the populace and the closing of its great church of Constantine led to the burning down of the temple of Apollo at Daphne. Antiochene lampoons against Julian were countered by him in his satiric apologia, still extant, called Misopogon (c. A.D. 362). The church was reopened by his suc cessor, Valens, but shared the fate of the city when the Sassanid Chosroes I. destroyed it (S38) and carried off part of the inhab itants to New Antioch in Assyria. The hermit Simeon Stylites lived on his pillar in the district (4om. E.) at the beginning of the 5th century and his body was brought to Antioch for burial. The Arabs took the city in 638 when they overran Syria, but Damas cus made a greater appeal to them as a capital city, and as Damas cus advanced Antioch declined. It passed into the possession of the Crusaders in 1098 after a bitter siege of nine months the end of which was hastened by an earthquake and betrayal. Assigned to Bohemund, prince of Tarenturn, it remained the capital of a Latin principality for nearly two centuries. In 1517 it passed into Turkish hands. It fell before the onslaught of the troops of Mo hammed `Ali of Egypt on their march towards Constantinople (184o), but was restored to Turkish possession soon after. In October 1918 it was occupied by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under Lord Allenby, and in 192o by France under the League of Nations mandate.
Dogma.—Several heresies had their origin in Antioch. One of its bishops, Paul (of Samosata) advocated (c. 26o) a form of Monarchianism maintaining that Christ was a mere man but so endowed as to rise gradually to divine dignity. Arius was here a pupil of Lucian the presbyter, text-critic and martyr (d. 311) and Nestorius was a monk of Antioch. Antioch in time gave its name to a school of Christian thought the chief representatives of which were the bishops Diodorus (Tarsus, d. 394) , John Chrysostom (Constantinople, d. 407), Theodore (Mopsuestia, d. 429) and Theodore (Cyrrhus, d. 457). It was anti-mystic in trend. It stressed the human element, making it rather than the divine the starting point of its enquiry, focussed attention on the historical Christ, and advocated direct and immediate interpretation of Scripture. It saw in the Incarnation the accomplishment of man's destiny rather than a means to deliver him from the conse quences of sin.
More than 3o synods were held at Antioch in ancient times, the first three of which (264-269) discussed the errors of Paul of Samosata and condemned him, but only with the eclipse of his patroness Zenobia of Palmyra (272) could the decree of expulsion be made effective. The most celebrated synod was that of 341 at which about ioo bishops were present. It passed 25 canons and promulgated three creeds in an endeavour to displace the Nicene. Power was vested mainly in the metropolitan (arch bishop) and in synods to be held twice a year ( 5th Canon of Nicaea). The relations between dioceses were regulated; bishops were enjoined to exercise strict guardianship over Church prop erty and were forbidden to name their successors. These canons, formed an elementary ecclesiastical law for both east and west, and likewise formed part of the Codex Canonum used by the Council of Chalcedon (451). They were twenty-five in number and their authenticity, previously much disputed, was substantially proved by Hefele. One of the most interesting of their provisions was that which in increasing the powers of the metropolitan de prived the country bishops (chorefiscopi) of direct recourse to the emperor. The synod is commonly called in encaeniis (iv E'yKatvlocs) or in dedicatione, its occasion being the dedication of the Basilica.
Pop. estimated at 30,000 (4,00o Christians) with language mainly Turkish ; now a town in the etat Syria and the sanjaq of Alexandretta in French mandated territory. The po sition it once occupied as the chief city of north Syria has passed to Aleppo. The valley of the Orontes is growing in wealth and productiveness with the draining of the central lake. The cul tures include tobacco, maize and cotton. There is a large olive grove and the mulberry tree is cultivated for the silk industry. There are several soap factories where the oils of the ghar (bay) and the olive are mixed to produce a perfumed and highly es teemed soap. Other manufactures are shoes and knives, and ex ports include hides and liquorice. If the project of a railway from Aleppo via Antioch to Alexandretta materialized it would rapidly recover some of its old importance. The Americans have a mission school and there is a British vice-consul.
