APPORTIONMENT BILL, an act passed by the Congress of the United States after each decennial census to determine the number of members which each State shall send to the House of Representatives. The ratio of representation fixed by the origi nal constitution was 1 to 30.000 of the free population, and the number of the members of the first House was 65. As the House would, at this ratio, have become unmanageably large, the ratio was raised after each subsequent census through that of 1910 (see accompanying table). No reapportionment was made following the 14th census. But in 1929 a new system provided that the number of seats should be held at 435 and that the redistribution should be carried out mathematically.
If a State has received an increase in the number of its repre sentatives and its legislature does not pass an apportionment bill before the next congressional election, the votes of the whole State elect the additional members on a general ticket and they are called "congressmen-at-large." The same term is applied to the acts passed by the State legis latures for correcting and redistributing the representation of the counties. Such acts are usually passed at decennial intervals, more often after the Federal census, but the dates may vary in different States. The State representatives are usually apportioned among the several counties according to population, not geographical position. The electoral districts so formed are expected to be equal in proportion to the number of inhabitants; but this method has led to much abuse in the past, through the making of unequal districts for partisan purposes. (See GERRYMANDER.)