AREQUIPA, the third city of Peru, capital of the depart ment of the same name, is located at an altitude of 7,600ft. about Zoom. north of its seaport, Mollendo. It lies in a valley on both banks of the Rio Chili at the foot of the extinct volcano El Misti (19, 2 oof t.) . Although it has been quiescent for two or three cen turies, emitting only vapours from time to time, El Misti is regarded with veneration, connected as it is felt to be with periodic earthquakes, the last of which (1868) practically destroyed the city. Other great peaks, Chachani and Pichu-pichu fill one-third of the horizon. Arequipa is famed for its beauty, a white city of a Spanish colonial type, surrounded by orchards, fields, market gardens and eucalyptus avenues in the midst of a lofty, barren plateau rising toward snow-capped peaks. The climate is dry, the air pure and invigorating. There is a summer rainfall of 5 to 6in., and during that season the sky is overcast much of the time. The city has about 48,000 inhabitants and is the centre of the intellectual, religious and commercial activities of southern Peru. The rectangular Plaza Mayor is surrounded by arcades. The houses are massively built to resist earthquakes, the material used (sillar) is a white porous volcanic stone which hardens with age. There is a cathedral, many beautiful churches, monasteries, hospitals, a chamber of commerce, city hall and other public buildings, such as the prefecture and III. Army Division head quarters. The city, the seat of a bishopric, is noted for its reli gious fervour as well as for its intellectual activity. The Uni versidad del Gran Padre Augustin was founded in 1821 (four faculties, Philosophy, History and Letters, Natural Science, Po litical Science and Jurisprudence). There are several colleges, a normal school for girls and elementary schools. Arequipa is a distributing centre for mountain products. Wool is washed and prepared for export, and there are several large wholesale import and export houses, foreign and Peruvian, woollen and cotton textile mills, chocolate and biscuit factories, flour mills, foun dries and machine shops for the Southern railway, and other smaller industries, also branches of many of the larger banks of Lima. The Sociedad Electrica de Arequipa, Ltd., furnishes power from its plant about 'mi. from the city. A new water system was under construction in 1918 with storage reservoirs, three of which will have a capacity of approximately 2,260,000 litres, and new pipe-lines in the cobblestone streets, 68km. in all. By means of these pipes, I 75 litres per second per day will be provided for the city. Street-paving is to progress as water-supply and sewers are completed. All this work is in charge of a North American firm. Connection with the outside world is by means of the Southern railway, io7m. to Mollendo, 218m. to Puno on Lake Titicaca. Telephone and telegraph lines connect with cable at Mollendo. There are paved highways to nearby resorts, such as the poetic Vale of Tiabaya. The favourite promenade is along the shady left bank of the Rio Chili to the springs of Tingo. The district of Arequipa is famous for its hot and cold springs, especially those of Yura and Jesus, the waters of which are bottled and used throughout the country. The Boyden station of the Harvard col lege observatory (U.S.A.) founded in 1891, was located in Arequipa until 1927, when it was transferred to South Africa. The site of Arequipa was discovered, so the legend goes, by the Inca Mayna Capac, who sent 3,00o families to settle there. Diego de Almagro visited it on his return from Chile in 1537, and the present city was founded by Pizarro in 1540. It has since been the scene of events of importance in the history of Peru (q.v.) and the birthplace of many famous men.