BAILEY, SAMUEL (1i91-1870), philosopher and econ omist, born at Sheffield, England, and founder of a bank there. His published works range over a wide field, including pamphlets on parliamentary reform and on the right of primogeniture and two volumes containing some not very felicitous suggestions for the textual emendation of Shakespeare's plays. His most important writings are: Essays on the Formation and Publication of Opin ions (1821) in which it is held that man's opinions are independent of his will, and a sequel, Essays on the Pursuit of Truth and on the Progress of Knowledge (1829) ; A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure and Causes of Value (1825), directed against the opinions of Ricardo and his school; Review of Berkeley's Theory of Vision (1842) ; Letters on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (1855-63).
Both in his philosophical and economic writings Bailey's work was characterized more by a clear logical and critical faculty than by creative thought. In psychology his chief theories are the superiority of the method of introspection; the reduction of the so-called faculties to mere phenomena of consciousness ; the direct perception of external things; and the necessity of experience as the source of abstract ideas. Bailey was a strong utilitarian in ethics and in politics an adherent of philosophic radicalism. His "Dissertation" on the theory of value does not attempt to es tablish a new doctrine but attacks Ricardo for appearing to up hold the existence of absolute value, and also for not allowing for the influence of rates of remuneration of labour as well as quantities of labour on the value of commodities. He held that value can only be ascertained in terms of actual exchange ratios at a given moment and that there is no standard of value possible in terms of which values can be composed at different periods. BAILEY, VERNON ), American biologist, was born in Manchester, Mich., on June 2I, 1864. Early in life he became devoted to natural history. In 1887 he was appointed chief field naturalist of the biological survey, U.S. department of agri culture, and served in this position for more than 4o years. He made extensive researches on the geographical distribution and life zones of mammals, birds and plants, and conducted many bio logical surveys, notably in Texas, New Mexico, North Dakota and Montana.
His publications include: Spermophiles of the Mississippi Valley (5893) ; Pocket Gophers of the Mississippi Valley (1895) ; Mammals of District of Columbia (5900, 1923) ; Biological Survey of Texas (1905); Life Zones and Crop Zones of New Mexico ; Revision of the Pocket Gophers of the Genus Thomomys (5955) ; with F. A. M. Bailey, Wild Animals of Glacier National Park (1918) ; Beaver Habits and Beaver Farming (5923) ; and Animal Life of the Carlsbad Cavern (Baltimore, 1928) .