APRAKSIN, THEDOR MATVYEEVICH Russian soldier who began life as one of the pages of Tsar Theodore III., after whose death he served the little tsar Peter in the same capacity. The playfellowship of the two lads re sulted in a lifelong friendship. In his 21st year Apraksin was appointed governor of Archangel, then the most important com mercially of all the Russian provinces, and built ships capable of weathering storms, to the great delight of the tsar. He won his colonelcy at the siege of Azov 0696). In 170o he was appointed chief of the admiralty, in which post (170o to 1706) his un usual technical ability was of great service. While Peter was combating Charles XII., Apraksin was constructing fleets, build ing fortresses and havens (Taganrog). In 1707 he was trans ferred to Moscow. In 1708 he was appointed commander-in chief in Ingria, to defend the new capital against the Swedes, whom he utterly routed, besides capturing Viborg in Carelia. He held the chief command in the Black Sea during the campaign of the Pruth 0710, and in 1713 materially assisted the conquest of Finland by operations from the side of the sea. In 1719-20 he personally conducted the descents upon Sweden, ravaging that country mercilessly, and thus extorting the peace of Ny stad, whereby she surrendered. the best part of her Baltic prov inces to Russia. For these great services he was made a senator and admiral-general of the empire. His last expedition was to Reval in 1726, to cover the town from an anticipated attack by the British Government, with whom the relations of Russia at the beginning of the reign of Catharine I. were strained almost to breaking-point. Though frequently threatened with terrible pen alties by Peter the Great for his incurable vice of peculation, Apraksin, nevertheless, contrived to save his head, though not his pocket, chiefly through the mediation of the good-natured empress, Catharine, who remained his friend to the last, and whom he assisted to place on the throne on the death of Peter. Apraksin was the most genial and kindhearted of all Peter's pupils. He is said never to have made an enemy. He died Nov. 1O 1728.
(R. N. B.)