BILLROTH, ALBERT CHRISTIAN THEODOR (182g-1894), Viennese surgeon, was born on April 26, 1829, at Bergen, on the island of RUgen, his family being of Swedish origin. He studied at the universities of Greifswald, Gottingen and Berlin, and, after taking his doctor's degree at the last in 1852, started on a tour of the principal medical schools of Europe. On his return to Berlin he acted as assistant to B. R. K. Langenbeck (1853-6o), and then accepted the professorship of surgery at Zurich. In 1867 he was invited to fill the same position at Vienna, and in that city the remainder of his professional life was spent. In 1887 he re ceived a distinction which has seldom been bestowed on members of his profession—a seat in the Austrian Herrnhaus. He died at Abbazia, on the Adriatic, on Feb. 6, 1894. Billroth was one of the most distinguished surgeons of his day. His boldness as an opera tor gained for him the appellation of "surgeon of great initiatives." He was especially interested in military surgery, and during the Franco-German War volunteered to serve in the hospitals of Mann heim and Weissenburg. He improved the arrangements for the transport and treatment of the wounded in war, and in a famous speech on the war budget in 1891 he urged the necessity for an im proved ambulance system in modern warfare. His Allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie and Therapie (1863) ran through many editions, and was translated into many languages. He was a good musician, and an intimate friend and admirer of Brahms, many of whose compositions were privately performed at his house before they were published. His work on the physiology of music (tier ist musikalisch?) was published after his death. His Brie/c, first published in 1896, reached their gth ed. in 1922.