BACTERIOLOGY) and the more important organs (see STEM, LEAF, ROOT, FLOWER, FRUIT) ; (b) Anatomy, the study of internal struc ture, including minute anatomy or histology (see PLANTS: Anatomy) .
2. Cytology (q.v.), the intimate structure and behaviour of the cell and its contents—protoplasm, nucleus, etc.
3. Physiology, the study of the life-functions of the entire plant and its organs (see PLANTS : Physiology).
4. Systematic, the arrangement and classification of plants (see PLANTS : Classification, under which reference will also be found to various special articles).
5. Distribution or Geographical Botany, the distribution of plants on the earth's surface (see PLANTS : Distribution and Ecology).
6. Palaeontology, the study of the fossils found in the various strata of which the earth is composed (see PALAEOBOTANY).
7. Ecology, the study of plants in relation to each other and to their environment (see PLANTS : Distribution and Ecology).
8. Plant-pathology or Phytopathology, the study of the diseases to which plants are subject (see PLANTS : Pathology).
9. Genetics, including plant-breeding, the study of the facts and causes of heredity (see HEREDITY and PLANT-BREEDING).
Besides these departments which deal with botany as a science, there are various applications of botany, such as forestry (see