BOVIANUM, the name of two ancient Italian towns. (I) Undecimanorum (Boiano), chief city of the Pentri Samnites, 9m. N.W. of Saepinum and 18m. S.E. of Aesernia, on the road from Beneventum to Corfinium, connecting the Via Appia and the Via Valeria. Cyclopean walls of the old (upper) city remain above the Roman and modern town in the plain. Bovianum was the seat of the Samnite assembly in the Social War. It acquired the name Undecimanorum when Vespasian settled the veterans of the Legio XI. Claudia there. (2) Vetus (near Pietrabbondante, 5m. S. of Agnone and 19m. N.W. of Campobasso), chief town of the Caraceni, remote among the mountains. Where Bovianum is mentioned the reference is generally to Bovianum Undecimano rum. Fortifications, a temple and a theatre with finely preserved stone seats are known.