BEHRING, EMIL VON (1854-1917) German bacteriolo gist and founder of immunology as a science. Behring began life as an army surgeon and became professor successively at Halle (1894) and Marburg (1895). In 189o, while working with the Japanese investigator Kitasato (q.v.) in the laboratory of Robert Koch at Berlin, he showed that it was possible to produce in an animal immunity against the disease known as tetanus, or lock jaw, by injecting into it the blood serum of another animal in fected with tetanus. The immunity was efficient against 30o times the fatal dose of tetanus. The paper of Behring and Kitasato contains for the first time the word antitoxic. Soon after, Behring showed that immunity could also be obtained against diphtheria by injecting serum from an animal that had previously been in jected with living cultures of the diphtheria bacillus. This epoch making discovery was soon given practical application. It was found possible to induce a degree of immunity even after the onset of the disease. The first human case was a child in a clinic at Berlin in 1891. Diphtheria antitoxin was placed on the market in 1892. In a few years' time its administration had become a routine part of the treatment of the disease. Behring died at Mar burg on March 31, 1917. He wrote, among other works, Die Blutserumtherapie (1892) ; Atiologie des Tetanus 0904); Ein f iihrung in die Lehre von der Bekcimp f ung der In f ektionskrank heiten (1912) .