BOURNE, FRANCIS (1861-1935), English cardinal, was born at Clapham, London, March 23 1861, the second son of Henry Bourne, a high official in the Post Office, and Ellen Byrne. Educated at Ushaw college and St. Edmund's college, Ware, he went later to Cardinal Manning's seminary at Hammersmith, London, and St. Sulpice in Paris, where he received the diaconate from Cardinal Richard in 1883. After a course at Louvain, he was ordained in 1884, and worked at Blackheath, Mortlake, and West Grinstead, afterwards becoming rector of St. John's diocesan seminary, Wonersh. In 1895 he was made Monsignor by Leo XIII., and in 1896 he was consecrated titular Bishop of Epiphania and Coadjutor-Bishop of Southwark, to which see he succeeded in the following year. On the death of Cardinal Vaughan in 1903, Mgr. Bourne was nominated to Westminster as archbishop by Pius X. The cathedral, designed by Bentley, was finished at this time and was consecrated by the new archbishop. In 191I he was made a cardinal. In connection with the meeting of the Eucharistic Congress in London in 1908 he arranged for a pro cession of the Host to take place in the streets, but eventually this was cancelled as it was represented that it would lead to a breach of the peace. The policy of Cardinal Bourne has been to aim at steady progress by multiplying small churches so that the faithful throughout London should find Mass within half a mile. On the education question he has sailed on an even keel between Liberal and Conservative governments. Modernism he reproved; his pastorals have been models of moderation, although one alarmed capital and another offended Sinn Fein. He declined to support the idea of a Catholic university or party in England, preferring that Catholics should join the national universities and parties. In Italy he claimed for the papacy an independence, similar to that of Belgium, based on international guarantees, not at the mercy of the Italian parliament, and allowing Italy to enjoy the honourable position of representing all nations in the guardianship of the papal sovereignty. He died on Jan. 1,