BOUTERWEK, FRIEDRICH (1765-1828), German phi losopher and critic, was born at Oker, in Lower Saxony April 15, 1765, and studied law at Gottingen. From 5790, however, he became a disciple of Kant, and in 1793 published Apliorismen each Kants Lehre vorgelegt. He became professor of philosophy at Gottingen (1802), where he died Aug. 9, 1828. Bouterwek is interesting for his criticism of Kant's theory of the "thing-in itself" apart from perception. Bouterwek left the Kantian po sition through his opposition to its formalism, and inclined to the views of Jacobi, whose letters to him (published at Gottingen, 1868) shed much light on his thought. His chief works are Ideen zu einer allgemeinen Apodiktik (1799) ; Aesthetik (1806); Lehr buck der philos. Vorkenntnisse (1810) ; Lehrbuck4 der philos. Wis sensclia ften (1813), and the Geschichte der neuern Poesie and Beredsacokeit (1801-19), of which the history of Spanish literature has been published separately in French, Spanish and English. The Geschichte is an uneven work of wide learning and generally sound criticism. Bouterwek also wrote three novels and a collec tion of poems (1802).