BIEL, GABRIEL (d. 1495), scholastic philosopher, born at Spires (Speier). He was the first professor of theology at the newly founded (147 7) University of Tubingen, of which he was twice rector, and at some uncertain date entered the Order of the Brothers of the Common Life. His work consists in the systematic development of the nominalistic theories of his mas ter, William of Occam, these theories being expounded in his Epitome et Collectorium ex Occamo super libros quatuor Sen tentiarum (15o8, 1512, and various dates). The empirical indi vidualism of the work, together with scattered utterances on special points, which gained for Biel the title of Papista Anti papista, had considerable influence in giving form to the doc trines of Luther and Melanchthon. It is the best specimen of the final aspect of scholasticism. His other works also have been frequently reprinted. Besides theological works, Biel has a treatise De Potestate et Utilitate Monetarum, which gives him a place in the history of economic theory. The title Ultimus Scholasticorum is often wrongly bestowed on Biel: scholasticism did not cease with him even in Germany and continued to flourish long after his time in the universities of Spain.