BREAM (Abramis brama), a carplike fish with a deep, com pressed body and a long anal fin.
It is found in the rivers of Europe and northern Asia, in lakes and sluggish streams; the record weight for England is 17 lb. A related species, the White Bream (A. blicca) is much smaller. The name is also given to the Sea Breams (Sparidae) and in the United States to the golden shiner (A. chrysoleucus) and others of the carp family. BREAST, the term properly confined to the external project ing parts of the thorax in females, which contain the mammary glands (for anatomy, and diseases, see MAMMARY GLAND) ; more generally it is used of the external part of the thorax in animals, including man, lying between the neck and the abdomen. BREASTED, JAMES HENRY American orientalist and historian, was born at Rockford, I11., on Aug. 27, 1865. After graduating from North-western college (now North Central college) in 1888 he studied at Chicago theological semi nary, Yale university and the University of Berlin. Beginning at the University of Chicago in 1894 as an assistant in Egyptology, he became professor of Egyptology and Oriental history in 1905, and director of the Oriental museum. He then directed an archae ological expedition in Egypt and the Sudan (19o5–o7). Mean time, by commission of the royal academies of Germany in 1900, he had been appointed on a mission to the museums of Europe to copy and arrange the Egyptian inscriptions in those museums for the first exhaustive Egyptian dictionary. In 1919, with funds supplied by John D. Rockefeller, Jr,, he organized the Oriental institute at the University of Chicago as a scientific laboratory, the first of its kind, for investigating the early career of man and studying the history of ancient civilization. As first director of the institute he led an expedition to the Near East in 1919-20, sub sequently organizing a series of five expeditions extending from the Black sea to Upper Egypt, with headquarter buildings in Asia Minor (Hittite expedition), Palestine (Armageddon expedition) and Luxor (Epigraphic expedition). He is editor of the institute's publications, appearing in three series. As a result of his represen tations to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., in 1925, the latter authorized him to offer the Egyptian Government the sum of $Io,000,000 for establishing an Egyptian museum and an archaeological re search institute in Cairo. Although never declined, the acceptance of this offer was so delayed that it was consequently withdrawn. In 1927 he drew the same donor's attention to similar needs in Palestine and was authorized to offer the Palestine Government the sum of $2,000,Ooo for a new archaeological museum at Jerusa lem. This offer was accepted and the gift was duly made. In 1919 he was elected president of the American Oriental Society, and in 1927 president of the American Historical Association. He has published, among other works, De Hymnis in Solemn sub Rege Amenophide IV., Conceptis (1894) ; A New Chapter in the Life of Thutmose III. (1900) ; Ancient Records of Egypt (1906-o7) ; A History of Egypt (1906 ; also French, German and Russian editions, and editions for the blind) ; The Monuments of Sudanese Nubia (1908) ; Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (1912 ; French and German translations in preparation) ; Ancient Times (1915 ; also Swedish, Arabic and Malay editions) , re-edited as The Conquest of Civilization (1926) ; Survey of the Ancient World (1919) ; History of Europe, Ancient and Medieval (with J. H. Robinson, 192o) ; The Oriental Institute—A Beginning and a Program (5923) ; Oriental Forerunners of Byzantine Painting (1924) ; The Conquest of Civilization (1926) .