Bray
Bray, A Village In Berkshire, England, Situated On The Right Bank Of The Thames Near Maidenhead. There Are Numerous River Side Residences In The Locality. The Name Is Celebrated As That Of A Well-known Ballad, "the Vicar Of Bray," Which Tells How A Vicar Held His Position By Easy Conversions ...
Bray_2
Bray, Urban District, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, I2m. S.s.e. Of Dublin On The Great Southern Railway. Pop. (1926) 8,639. A Harbour Was Constructed By The Urban District Council (the Har Bour Authority) To Accommodate Ships Of 400 Tons. There Is Some Industry In Brewing, Milling And Fishing, But The Town Is ...
Brazier
Brazier, A Metal Recep Tacle For Holding Burning Coals Or Charcoal, Much Used In Southern Europe And The East For Warming Rooms (from The Fr. Brasier, Which Comes From Braise, Hot Charcoal). Braziers Are Often Ele Gant In Form, And Highly Artistic In Ornamentation, With Chased Or Embossed Feet And ...
Brazil Nuts
Brazil Nuts, The Seeds Of A Large Tree (bertholletia Excelsa) Of The Lecythis Family (lecythidaceae), Which Grows Throughout Tropical America. The Tree Attains A Height Of 13oft., And Has A Globular Fruit, With A Diameter Of Five Or Six Inches, Con Sisting Of A Thick Hard Woody Shell, Within Which ...
Brazil Or Brasil
Brazil Or Brasil, A Legendary Island In The Atlantic Ocean. The Name Signifies The Red Dye-woods Used In The Middle Ages, And Insulae Purpurariae Are Mentioned By Pliny. It First Appears As The I. De Brazi, One Of The Larger Islands Of The Azores, In The Venetian Map Of Andrea ...
Brazil Wood
Brazil Wood, A Dye Wood Obtained From West Indian And South American Trees Belonging To The Genera Caesalpinia And Peltophorum Of The Family Leguminosae. There Are Several Woods, Commercially Distinguished As Brazil Wood, Nicaragua Or Peach Wood, Pernambuco Wood And Lima Wood, Each Of Which Has A Different Commercial Value, ...
Brazil
Brazil, A Republic Of South America, The Largest Political Division Of The Continent. It Is Somewhat Larger Than The United States, Excluding Alaska, Is Nearly Three Times The Size Of Argen Tina, And 65 Times The Size Of England. Its Extreme Dimensions From North To South Are 2,695 M. And ...
Brazil_2
Brazil, A City In The Western Part Of Indiana, U.s.a., 16m. N. By E. Of Terre Haute; The County Seat Of Clay County. It Is On Federal Highway 4o, And Is Served By The Central Indiana, The Chicago And Eastern Illinois, The Cincinnati, Indianapolis And Western, And The Pennsylvania Railways. ...
Brazing And Soldering
Brazing And Soldering, The Process Of Uniting Two Metallic Surfaces Together By Means Of A Fused Metallic Ma Terial Joining Them (cf. Welding) ; Usually Distinguished As Hard Soldering Or Soft Soldering. In Each The Melting Temperature Of The Solder Is Lower Than That Of The Metal Or Alloy To ...
Brazza
Brazza (serbo-croatian Brac), An Island In The Adriatic Sea, Forming Part Of Dalmatia, Yugoslavia. Pop. (1931) 17,317. With An Area Of About 200 Sq.m. Brazza Is The Largest Of The Dal Matian Islands; It Is Also Fertile And The Most Thickly Populated. Though Rugged And Mountainous, It Yields An Abundance ...
Breach Of The Peace
Breach Of The Peace Is Any Act Or Conduct Bringing About A Disturbance Of The Public Peace Or Tranquillity. (see Also Affray And Riot.) The Matter Generally Becomes Important Before Any Substantive Breach Or Offence Is Committed, For In Such A Case, Where A Breach Of The Peace Is Threatened, ...
Breach
Breach, In General, A Breaking Or An Opening Made By Breaking; In Law, The Infringement Of A Right Or The Violation Of An Obligation Or Duty. The Word Is Used In Various Phrases : Breach Of Close, The Unlawful Entry Upon Another Person's Land (see Trespass) ; Breach Of Covenant ...
Bread Home Made
Bread: Home Made The Making Of Home Made Bread Demands Ingredients Of Flour, Fat, Liquid And The Correct Amount Of Sugar, Salt, Yeast, The Main Tenance Of An Even Temperature During The Rising Process, Skillful Kneading And Proper Baking. Different Kinds Of Wheat Flour Vary In Bread-making Value According To ...
Bread Manufacture
Bread Manufacture. In Bread Making, As In Other Industries, The Aim Of Modern Development Is To Make The Process Wholly Automatic. Nothing Is More Desirable Than That This Ideal Should Be Attained, For Where Handling Of The Material Can Be Dis Pensed With It Is Certain That Economy In Production ...
Bread Ticket
Bread Ticket. In The World War, The Scarcity Of Cereals In Europe Forced Nearly All The Belligerent Powers, And Some Of The Neutrals, To Ration Bread. This Led To The Issue Of Bread-tickets Or Coupons As The Obvious Means Of Distributing Supplies Equitably. In Germany And Austria, The Consumers Were ...
Bread
Bread. The Name Given To The Staple Food-product Pre Pared By The Baking Of Flour. Bread Baking, Or At Any Rate The Preparation Of Cakes From Flour Or Parched Grain By Means Of Heat, Is One Of The Most Ancient Of Human Arts. At Wangen And Robenhausen Have Been Found ...
Breadalbane
Breadalbane District, Perthshire, Scotland, Bordered On The North By Atholl, East By Strathtay, South By Strathearn And West By The Districts Of Argyll And Lorne, And Occupying Some I,o2osq.miles. Ben Lawers (3,984ft.), Ben More (3,843ft.), And Ben Lui (3,7o8ft.) Are The Principal Peaks. Loch Tay Is The Chief Lake, And ...
Breadfruit
Breadfruit. This Important Staple Food Of The Tropical Islands In The Pacific Ocean Is The Fruit Of Artocarpus Incisa (family Moraceae). The Tree Attains A Moderate Height, Has Large, Acutely Lobed, Glossy Leaves, The Male Flowers In Spikes, And The Female Flowers In A Dense Head, Which By Consolidation Of ...
Breaking Bulk
Breaking Bulk, A Nautical Term For The Taking Out Of A Portion Of The Cargo Of A Ship, Or The Beginning To Unload; And Used In A Legal Sense For Taking Anything Out Of A Package Or Parcel, Or In Any Way Destroying Its Entirety. In England It Was Important ...
Breakwater
Breakwater, A Barrier Intended To Break The Force Of Water At A Particular Place. A Breakwater Provides The Arti Ficial Protection Necessary, When A Harbour Is Formed In An Ex Posed Situation, To Supplement Or Complete Such Natural Shelter As May Be Afforded By The Configuration Of The Coast Line ...
Bream
Bream (abramis Brama), A Carplike Fish With A Deep, Com Pressed Body And A Long Anal Fin. It Is Found In The Rivers Of Europe And Northern Asia, In Lakes And Sluggish Streams; The Record Weight For England Is 17 Lb. A Related Species, The White Bream (a. Blicca) Is ...
Breastplate
Breastplate, In Ancient Armour, A Plate Of Iron, Steel Or Ether Metal, So Fastened To Protect The Wearer's Chest And Front Of The Body In Battle. Breastplates Are Still Worn By The House Hold Cavalry In Full Dress, E.g., When On Duty At The Horse Guards, London. ...
Breastwork
Breastwork, In Military Language, Artificial Cover From Enemy Fire Built Up Of Logs, Sandbags, Etc., Above Ground Level. In Swampy Ground Or Woods It Is Commonly Employed Instead Of Trenches. ...
Breccia
Breccia, In Petrology, The Name Given To Rocks Consisting Of Angular Fragments Embedded In A Matrix. They May Be Com Posed Of Any Kind Of Material, And The Matrix, Which Usually Corresponds To Some Extent To The Fragments It Encloses, May Be Siliceous, Calcareous, Argillaceous, Etc. The Distinctive Character Of ...
Brechin
Brechin, Royal, Municipal And Police Burgh, Forfarshire, Scotland, On The Left Bank Of The South Esk, 7 4m. W. Of Mon Trose, A Station On The Loop Line Of The L.m.s. Railway From For Far To Bridge Of Dun. Pop. (1931) 6,838. Brechin Was The Site Of A Culdee Abbey. ...
Breckenridge
Breckenridge, A City Of North-eastern Texas, U.s.a., R W. Of Fort Worth; The County Seat Of Stephens County. It Is Served By The Cisco And Northeastern, The Wichita Falls Arid Southern, And The Wichita Falls, Ranger And Fort Worth Railways. The Population In 1920 Was 1,846; In 193o By The ...
Brecon Or Brecknock Aberhonddu
Brecon Or Brecknock (aberhonddu), Cathedral Town, Municipal Borough And Capital Of Breconshire, Wales. Population 5,334, Situated At The Confluence Of The Honddu With The Usk Near The Centre Of The County. Its Site Com Mands Routes From Builth In The North, Llandovery In The West, Merthyr And Crickhowell In The ...
Breconshire Or Brecknockshire
Breconshire Or Brecknockshire, An Inland County In South Wales, And Fourth Largest In All Wales, Bounded On The North-west By Cardigan, On The North And North-east By Radnor, On The East And South-east By Monmouth, On The South By Glamorgan, And On The West By Carmarthen. ...
Breda
Breda, Town, Province Of North Brabant, Holland, At The Confluence Of The Canalized Rivers Merk And Aa. Pop. (1930) Breda Was In The 11th Century A Direct Fief Of The Holy Roman Empire, Its Earliest Known Lord Being Henry I. (1098 1i25), In Whose Family It Continued, Until Alix, Heiress ...
Bredow
Bredow, A Shipbuilding District In The Prussian Province Of Pomerania, Lying Immediately North Of Stettin (q.v.), With Which It Is Incorporated. ...
Breech
Breech, A Covering For The Lower Part Of The Body And Legs. The Word In Its Proper Meaning Is Used In The Plural, And Is Con Fined To A Garment Reaching To The Knees Only. The Meaning Of "the Hinder Part Of The Body" Is Later Than, And Derived From, ...
Breeds And Breeding
Breeds And Breeding. A Breed Of Domestic Animals Or Cultivated Plants Is A Group Of Individuals Which Exhibit In Common A Certain Combination Of Hereditary Characters. Breeds Have Had Their Origin In The Unconscious Or Accidental Selection By Man Of Wild Stocks That Tolerated The Vicinity Of Man And Were ...
Breeze I
Breeze. (i) A Current Of Air Less Than A "wind," Which In Turn Is Less Than A "gale." (see Beaufort Scale.) The Term Is Qualified In Many Different Ways, E.g., Glacial-breeze—a Cold Breeze Blowing Down The Course Of A Glacier; Lake-breeze—light Wind Blowing On To The Coast Of A Lake ...
Bregenz
Bregenz, The Capital Of The Austrian Province Of Vorarl Berg, Is Situated At The South-east Corner Of Lake Constance. It Has An Important Nodal Position Commanding Routes From Southern Germany To The Upper Rhine Valley And The Arlberg As Well As Communications By Water With The Other Towns On The ...
Brehon Laws
Brehon Laws, More Properly Called Feinechus, Were The Ancient Laws Of Ireland. Brehon (breitheamh) Is The Irish Word For Judge. Regular Courts And Judges Existed In Ireland From Prehistoric Times. The Extant Remains Of These Laws Are Ms. Transcripts From Earlier Copies Made On Vellum From The 8th To The ...
Breisach
Breisach, A Town Of Germany, In The Land Of Baden, Standing On A Basalt Rock 2 5of T. Above The Rhine, 1 Om. W. Of Freiburg. Pop. 3,368. Breisach (brisiacum), Formerly An Imperial City And Until The 18th Century One Of The Chief Fortresses Of The Empire, Is Of Great ...
Breisgau
Breisgau, A District Of Germany, In The Free State Of Baden. It Extends Along The Right Bank Of The Rhine From Basle To Kehl, And Includes The Principal Peaks Of The Southern Black Forest And The Freiburg Valley. The Breisgau, At One Time A Dis Trict Or Gau (lat. Pages) ...
Breitenfeld
Breitenfeld, A Village In Saxony, 52m. N.n.w. Of Leip Zig, Noted In Military History. The First Battle Of Breitenfeld Was Fought On Sept. 17, 1631, Between The Allied Swedish And Saxon Armies Under Gustavus Adolphus And The Imperial Forces Under Count Tilly (see Thirty Years' War). The Latter's Invasion Of ...
Bremen
Bremen, One Of The German Lander. A Constitution Was Adopted On May 15, 192o. Area, 99sq.m. ; Pop. (1933) 371,951. It Falls Into Three Distinct Parts : (1) The Largest Portion, With The City Of Bremen, Lying Chiefly On The Right Bank Of The Lower Weser, Surrounded By The Prussian ...
Bremen_2
Bremen, City And Seaport Of Germany, Capital City Of The Land Of Bremen, And One Of The Hanseatic Towns, Occupying A Sandy Plain On Both Banks Of The Weser, 46m. From The North Sea. Pop. (1933) 323,628. The City Consists Of Four Quarters: The Old Town (altstadt) And Its Suburban ...
Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven, A Seaport Of Germany, Within The Land Of Bremen, On The Right Bank And Estuary Of The Weser, At The Confluence Of The Geeste, 38m. N. Of The City Of Bremen. Pop. It Is Built On A Tract Of Territory Ceded To Bremen By Hanover In 1826, And Further ...
Bremerton
Bremerton, A City Of Kitsap County, Wash., U.s.a., On An Arm Of Puget Sound, 15m. West-south-west Of Seattle. It Is On Federal Highway 'or, And Is Served By Steamers. The Popu Lation In 193o Was Io,170. The Puget Sound Navy Yard, Which Employs 4,000 Men And Has The Largest Dry ...
Brenham
Brenham, A City In S.e. Texas, U.s.a., 68m. N.w. Of Houston ; The County Seat Of Washington County. It Is Served By The Santa Fe And The Southern Pacific Railways. The Population In 192o Was _ 5,o66 ; And It Was 5,974 In 193o. It Is A Shipping Point For ...
Brenner Pass
Brenner Pass, The Lowest (4495 Ft.) And One Of The Most Frequented Passes Across The Alps In All Ages, Though The Name Used In The Middle Ages Was "the Route Through The Valley Of Trent." It Is The Great Gate Of Italy, And By It Most Teutonic Invaders Reached Italy. ...
Brentford
Brentford, Town In Middlesex, England, Io2m. W. Of London By The Southern Railway, At The Confluence Of The Brent And The Thames. In 1927 It Was United With Chiswick To Form A Municipal Borough. Combined Pop. (1931), 62,617. In 1016 Edmund Ironside Defeated The Danes At Brentford (braynford). A Toll ...
Brentwood
Brentwood, Urban District, Essex, England; 18m. N.e. Of London By The L.n.e. Railway (brentwood And Warley Sta Tion) . Population (1931) 7,209. The Neighbouring Country Is Undulating And Well Wooded. Brentwood Was Formerly An Impor Tant Posting Station On The Main Road To The Eastern Counties, Which Follows The Line ...
Brescia
Brescia (anc. Brixia), Episcopal See, Lombardy, Italy, Cap Ital Of The Province Of Brescia, At The Foot Of The Alps, 52m. E. Of Milan And 4om. W. Of Verona By Rail. Pop. (1921) 66,667 (town), Oo,168 (commune). The Plan Is Rectangular, With Streets At Right Angles, A Roman Peculiarity, Though ...
Breslau
Breslau, A City Of Germany, Capital Of The Prussian Province Of Lower Silesia, And An Episcopal See, Situated In A Wide And Fertile Plain On Both Banks Of The Navigable Oder, 350m. From Its Mouth, And 202m. From Berlin On The Railway To Vienna. Pop. (1933) 625,219. It Is The ...
Bressanone
Bressanone (formerly Brixen), An Urban District, Prov Ince Of Bolzano, Italy. Pop. (1921) 4,853 (town) ; 6,845 (com Mune) ; At The Confluence Of The Isarco And Rienza, With A Station On The Brenner Railway, 34m. S.e. Of That Pass, And 24m. N.e. Of Bolzano. The Aspect Of The City ...
Bresse
Bresse, Natural Region, Eastern France, Embracing Portions Of The Departments Of Ain, Saone-et-loire And Jura, Extending 6om. From The Dombes On The South To The River Doubs On The North, And 20m. From The Saone East To The Jura. Varying From 600 To Hoof T. Above Sea-level, It Slopes Slightly ...
Bressuire
Bressuire, A Town In Western France, Department Of Deux Sevres, 48m. N. Of Niort. Pop. (1931) 4,882. The Town Over Looks The Dolo, A Tributary Of The Argenton. Its History Is A Series Of Pillages And Burnings, Notably In 1214, 137o, 1598 And The Church Of Notre-dame (12th And 15th ...
Brest
Brest, West France, Capital Of An Arrondissement In The Department Of Finistere, 155m. W.n.w. Of Rennes By Rail. Pop. (1930 60,276. It Lies North Of A Magnificent Land-locked Bay, And Occupies The Slopes Of Two Hills Divided By The River Penfeld, The Left Bank Being Regarded As Brest Proper, The ...
Brethren In Christ
Brethren In Christ. After The Reformation There Arose In Europe A Group Known As Pietists. A Large Number Of These Pietists Settled In Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. From This Group In Lancaster County A Number Of Permanent Church Organizations Arose—one Of Them, The Brethren In Christ. At First The Brethren In ...
Bretigny
Bretigny, French Hamlet (dept. Eure-et-loir, Arrondisse Ment And Canton Of Chartres, Commune Of Sours), Which Gave Its Name Of A Treaty Concluded There On May 8, 1360, Between Edward Iii. Of England And John Ii. Of France. Edward Iii. Ob Tained, Besides Guienne And Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge And Aunis, Agenais, ...
Breton Literature
Breton Literature. It Is Usual To Divide Breton Literature Into Three Periods Corresponding To The Language—old, Middle And Modern. The Written Remains In The First Period (8th To Ilth Centuries) Consist Entirely Of Glosses And Names In Ancient Documents. The Chief Collections Of Glosses Are (i) The Oxford Glosses On ...
Bretwalda
Bretwalda, A Title Meaning "ruler Of Britain," Applied By The Anglo-saxon Chronicle To Egbert, King Of The West Sax Ons, When He Became Overlord Of All The English Peoples South Of Humber. The Chronicler States That Seven Other Kings, From Aella Of Sussex In The 5th Century To Oswiu Of ...
Breve
Breve, In Music, The Note Of Greatest Time-value (the Equiva Lent Of Two Semibreves) In Our Existing Western Notation, Repre Sented By The Sign Or . It Is, However, Now Seldom Used, The Semibreve Having Taken Its Place For Practical Purposes, Although It Is Not Quite Obsolete, Brahms For Instance ...
Brevet
Brevet (a Diminutive Of The Fr. Bref), A Short Writing, Orig Inally An Official Writing Or Letter, With The Particular Meaning Of A Papal Indulgence. The Use Of The Word Is Mainly Confined To A Commission, Or Official Document, Giving To An Officer In The Army A Permanent, As Opposed ...
Breviary Of Alaric
Breviary Of Alaric (breviarium Alaricanum), A Collection Of Roman Law, Compiled By Order Of Alaric Ii., King Of The Visigoths, In The Year 5o6. It Comprises 16 Books Of The Theo Dosian Code ; The Novels Of Theodosius Ii., Valentinian Iii., Mar Cian, Majorianus And Severus; The Institutes Of Gaius; ...
Breviary
Breviary, The Book Which Contains The Daily Service For The Canonical Hours In The Roman Catholic Church (lat. Breviar Ium, Abridgment, Epitome). It Includes Psalms, Lessons, Antiphons, Etc., For Every Day In The Year; But Excludes The Eucharistic Of Fice (contained In The Missal) And The Rites Of Baptism, Marriage, ...
Brevier
Brevier, A Printing Type ("8 Point"), Smaller Than Bour • Geois And Larger Than Minion, Which Derives Its Name From Its Original Use In Breviaries. The Following Passage Is Set In Brevier Type: William Caxton, The First English Printer, Was Born In The Weald Of Kent, Perhaps At Tenterden. The ...
Brewer
Brewer, A City Of Penobscot County, Maine, U.s.a., On The East Bank Of The Penobscot River, Opposite Bangor, With Which It Is Connected By Ferry And Trolley. The Population In 1930 Was 6,329. At One Time It Had Eight Ship-building Yards, And Formed With Bangor The Chief Lumber-shipping Port Of ...
Brewing Processes
Brewing Processes Broadly Speaking There Are Two Main Brewing Processes De Noted By The Terms "top" And "bottom" Fermentation Respec Tively. They Differ In That The Yeast Rises To The Top Of The Wort After Fermentation And Can Be Skimmed Off In The Former Or Settles To The Bottom Of ...
Brewing
Brewing, The Manufacture Of The Alcoholic Beverage Beer, Mainly From Cereals (chiefly Malted Barley), Hops And Water. Though No Doubt Originally Largely A Domestic, And Later A Monas Tic Industry, Brewing Is To-day Almost Entirely In The Hands Of Commercial Firms. Until About The 12th Or 13th Centuries The Preparation ...
Brewster William
Brewster William (c. 1566-1644), American Colo Nist, One Of The Leaders Of The "pilgrims," Was Born At Scrooby, Notts, England, C. 1566. After Studying For A Time At Cambridge, He Was From 1584 To 1587 In The Service Of William Davison Who In 1585 Went To The Low Countries To ...
Breze
Breze, The Name Of An Angevin Noble Family, The Most Fa Mous Member Of Which Was Pierre De Breze (? 1410-1465) , One Of The Trusted Soldiers And Statesmen Of Charles Vii. He Had Made His Name As A Soldier In The English Wars, And During The Praguerie He Supported ...
Brian
Brian (926-1014), King Of Ireland, Known As Brian Boru, Boroma, Or Boroimhe (from Boroma, An Irish Word For Tribute), Was A Son Of A Certain Cenneide, A Chieftain Of Munster. He Passed His Youth In Fighting Against The Danes, Who Were Con Stantly Ravaging Munster. In 976 His Brother, Mathgamhain, ...
Brianc On
Brianc On, A Strongly Fortified Town And Climatic Resort In The Department Of Hautes-alpes, South-east France, Near The Italian Frontier. Pop. (1931) 3,386. The Old Town, Composed Of Steep Narrow Streets, Lies On A Plateau Over 4,000ft. High, Above The Upper Durance, At The Foot Of The Descent From The ...
Brianza
Brianza, A District Of Lombardy, Italy, In The Southern Part Of The Province Of Como, Between The Two Southern Arms Of Lake Como. It Is Fertile, Thickly Peopled And Visited In Summer By Milanese Who Have Built Fine Villas. There Are Silk, Cotton Spinning, Yarn And Hat Factories As Well ...
Briareus Or Aegaeon
Briareus Or Aegaeon, In Greek Mythology, One Of The Three Hundred-armed, Fifty-headed Hecatoncheires (gr. Karov, Hundred, Xeipes, Hands, Arms), The Sons Of Ouranos And Gaia (heaven And Earth). According To One Legend, Briareus And His Brothers Were Called By Zeus To His Assistance, When Olympus Was Attacked By The Titans. ...
Bribery
Bribery. The Offence Of Bribery May Be Defined As The Offering, Giving Or Accepting Of Consideration In Some Shape Or Form That It May Be A Motive In The Performance Of Functions For Which The Proper Motive Ought To Be A Conscientious Sense Of Duty. The Offence May Be Divided ...
Bribri
Bribri, An Indian Tribe Dwelling In The Mountains Of Southern Costa Rica. They Speak A Chibchan Dialect, And Belong To A Group Of Related Tribes Collectively Known As Talamancan. Although Greatly Reduced In Numbers And Under Missionary Influence In Past Centuries, The Bribri Maintain Primitive Cultural Features Suggest Ing South ...
Brick Oven
Brick Oven. In Colonial Days In The United States The Brick Oven, Also Known As The Baker's Oven, Was Used In The Home As Well As By Bakers, To Cook By Conserved Heat. It Was Built In Beside The Kitchen Fireplace, Usually With An Arched Top. The Doors Were First ...
Brick
Brick. Though A Common Structural Material, Brick Is The Most Remarkable One In Use In The Building Industry. It Is Remark Able Historically, Technically, And Artistically, And, It Might Almost Be Added, Socially. Its History Goes Back To The Earliest Times In The Civilization Of Man, And It Bears On ...
Brickfielder
Brickfielder, A Term Originally Used In New South Wales For A Hot Scorching Dust-laden Northerly Wind Of The Sirocco Class Blowing From The Interior, Where The Sandy Wastes, Bare Of Vegetation In Summer, Are Intensely Heated By The Sun. The Name Has Been Extended To Similar Winds In Other Parts ...
Bricklaying
Bricklaying Certain Essentials In Building Good Brickwork Are :—accuracy In Working To Ensure A Perfectly Horizontal Bed And That Walls Are Vertical, Or, If The Outer Face Is Battered (sloped), That The Angle Of The Batter Is Maintained. A Bricklayer Usually First Builds Up The Quoins (angles Of Building) Six ...
Brickwork
Brickwork. This Term Is Not Restricted To Simple Edifices Of Bricks, But Includes Vaulting, Tracery, Moulding, Carving, And Gauging For Decorative As Well As For Purely Structural Purposes. Brickwork May Be Either Of Sun-dried Or Of Burnt Brick. Both Kinds Were Built At Very Early Periods And Are Often Found ...
Bricole
Bricole (a French Word Of Unknown Origin), A Military Engine For Casting Heavy Stones ; Also A Term In Tennis For A Side Stroke Rebounding Off The Wall Of The Court (corrupted Into "brick-wall" From A Supposed Reference To The Wall), And In Billiards For A Stroke Off The Cushion ...
Bride
Bride, The Term Used Of A Woman On Her Wedding-day. It Appears In Many Combinations, Some Of Them Obsolete; E.g., "bride-bell" (wedding-bells), "bride-banquet" (wedding-break Fast). The Bride-cake, Or Wedding-cake, Had Its Origin In The Roman Con F Arreatio, A Form Of Marriage, The Essential Features Of Which Were The Eating ...
Bridewell
Bridewell, A District Of London Between Fleet Street And The Thames, So Called From The Well Of St. Bride Or St. Bridget Close By. From William The Conqueror's Time, A Castle Or Norman Tower, Long The Occasional Residence Of The Kings Of England, Stood There By The Fleet Ditch. Henry ...
Bridge Design
Bridge Design Loads And Forces.—in Designing A Bridge The Following Loads And Forces Have To Be Taken Into Account :—dead Load, Live Load, Impact, Deformation Stresses, Wind Pressure, Centrifugal Effect, Longitudinal Forces, Temperature Effect And Erection Stresses. The Most Important Of These, In The Case Of Bridges Of Moderate Span, ...
Bridge Head
Bridge-head (fr. In Fortification, A Work Designed To Cover The Passage Of A River By Means Of Fortifica Tions On One Or Both Banks. In A Wider Sense It Is Used To Mean The Area Occupied On The Far Side Of A River By A Protective De Tachment In Order ...
Bridge Of Allan
Bridge Of Allan, Police Burgh, Stirlingshire, Scot Land. Pop. (193i) 2,897. It Lies On The Allan, A Tributary Of The Forth, 3m. N. Of Stirling By The L.m.s. Railway And By Tram Way, On The Wooded Slopes Of Westerton And Airthrey Hill, Sheltered By The Ochils From North And East ...
Bridge
Bridge. The Origin Of The Game Of Bridge Is Very Doubtful. It Is Sometimes Said To Have Originated In Russia, But There Is No Satisfactory Proof Of That Statement. It Was First Known Under The Title Of "biritch, Or Russian Whist," And This Probably Gave Rise To The Idea That ...
Bridgebuilding Brotherhood
Bridgebuilding Brotherhood, A Confrater Nity (fratres Pontifices) That Arose In The South Of France During The Latter Part Of The 12th Century, And Maintained Hospices At The Chief Fords Of The Principal Rivers, Besides Building Bridges And Looking After Ferries. The Brotherhood Was Recognized By Pope Clement Iii. In 1189. ...
Bridgend
Bridgend, Urban District, Glamorganshire, Wales, On Both Sides Of The River Ogwr (whence Its Welsh Name Penbont-ar Ogwr) . Pop. (1931) 10,033. The Town Is An Old Agricultural Centre On The Fertile Plain Of South Glamorgan, And Like Most Bridge Settlements, It Seems To Have Grown Up In Two Parts—newcastle ...
Bridgeport
Bridgeport, The Leading Manufacturing City Of Connecti Cut, United States, And One Of The Important Industrial Centres Of The Country, On Long Island Sound, At The Mouth Of The Pequon Nock River, About 6om. N.e. Of New York City; A Port Of Entry And The County Seat Of Fairfield County. ...
Bridges Construction
Bridges: Construction. The Design And Construc Tion Of A Bridge Involve A Combination Of Science And Practical Knowledge To An Extent Not Required In Perhaps Any Other Engi Neering Work. Lavish Outlay Of Money And Great Accumulations Of Material In The Structure Itself Will Not Necessarily Result In A A ...
Bridges
Bridges. The Function Of Bridges May Be Described As The Starting Of A Stream Of Human Traffic Hitherto Impossible; The Sur Mounting Of A Barrier, The Linking Up Of Two Worlds Divided By A Gulf. One Such Barrier, The Great River Severn, Has Decided More Than Once The Fate Of ...
Bridgeton
Bridgeton, A City In Southern New Jersey, United States, 38m. S. Of Philadelphia, At The Head Of Navigation On The Cohan Sey River; The County Seat Of Cumberland County. It Is Served By The Central Railroad Of New Jersey And The Pennsylvania Railroad. The Population In 1920 Was 14,323, And ...
Bridgewater
Bridgewater, A Town Of Plymouth County (mass.), U.s.a., 27m. South Of Boston. It Is Served By The New York, New Haven And Hartford Railroad. The Population In 1930 (federal Census) Was 9,055. The Manufactures Include Shoes, Nails, Lumber, Tubes And Brick. A State Normal School (established 1840) Is Pleasantly Situated ...
Bridgittines
Bridgittines, An Order Of Augustinian Canonesses Founded By St. Bridget Of Sweden (q.v.) C. 1350, And Approved By Urban V. In 1370. It Spread Widely In Sweden And Norway And In Northern Europe, And Played A Remarkable Part In Pro Moting Culture And Literature In Scandinavia ; To This Is ...
Bridgnorth
Bridgnorth, Municipal Borough, Shropshire, England, Situated On A High, Red Sandstone Rock Bounded On The East By The River Severn. Pop. (1931) 5,151. The Approach From All Sides Involves Steep Ascents Or Descents. The Early History Of Bridg North Is Connected With Aethelfleda, Lady Of The Mercians, Who Raised A ...
Bridgwater
Bridgwater, Seaport And Municipal Borough, Somerset, England. Pop. (1931) 17,139. It Lies In The Level Country East Of The Quantock Hills, On The River Parret, 1 Om. From Its Mouth; And Its Two Portions Are Connected By An Iron Bridge. The Settle Ment (briges, Briggewalteri, Brigewauter) Is Probably Saxon In ...
Bridlington
Bridlington, Municipal Borough, East Riding Of York Shire, England, 31m. N.n.e. Of Hull By A Branch Of The L.n.e.r. Pop. (1931) 19,704. It Is Divided Into Two Parts, The Ancient Market Town Lying About Im. From The Coast, While The Modern Houses Of Bridlington Quay, The Watering-place, Fringe The Shore ...
Bridport
Bridport, Municipal Borough, Dorsetshire, England, 15m. W. Of Dorchester On A Branch Of The G.w. Railway. Pop. (1931) 5,917. It Takes Its Name From The Small River Brit. The Main Part Of The Town Is About A Mile From The Sea, But Is Connected Therewith By A Winding Street Ending ...
Brie
Brie, An Agricultural District Of North France, To The East Of Paris, Bounded West And South By The Seine, North By The Marne. Area About 2,400 Square Miles. It Includes Most Of The Department Of Seine-et-marne, With Portions Of Seine, Seine-et-oise, Aisne, Marne And Aube. The Western Half Was Known ...
Brief
Brief, A Statement Prepared By A Solicitor For The Use Of Counsel At The Trial Of A Cause With The "proofs" Of Witnesses, If Any. Accompanying The Brief May Be Copies Of The Pleadings (see Pleading), And Of All Documents Material To The Case. The Brief Is Always Endorsed With ...
Brieg
Brieg, A Town Of Germany, In Prussian Silesia, On The Left Bank Of The Oder, 27m. S.e. Of Breslau. Pop. (193o) 29,816. Brieg (civitas Altae Ripae), Obtained Municipal Rights In 1250 From Duke Henry Iii. Of Breslau, And Was Fortified In 1297; Its Name Is Derived From The Polish Brzeg ...
Brielle
Brielle, In The Province Of South Holland, Holland. Pop. It Has A Long Sea-faring Tradition And A Large Num Ber Of Its Inhabitants Are Fishermen Or Pilots. It Was Captured In 1572 By The Gueux Sur Mer, A Band Of Privateers Raiding The Dutch Coast Under Commission Of The Prince ...