CARREL, ALEXIS ), surgeon and biologist, was born at Ste. Foy-les-Lyon, France, June 28, 1873. He graduated at the University of Lyons in 1890, received his medical degree in 1900, and for two years was prosecteur a la Faculte de Medecine. He began there his experimental researches, and con tinued them in 1905 at the University of Chicago. In 1906 he was appointed to the staff of the Rockefeller Institute for Medi cal Research in New York, becoming a member in 1912. He developed a new method for suturing blood-vessels, which made it possible to perform blood transfusion safely, and to transplant arteries, veins and organs. He also studied the preservation of tissues outside the body and its application to surgery. This work led him in 1911 to investigate the conditions of tissues when they are living actively outside the organism. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in for his contribu tions to the surgery of blood-vessels. On the outbreak of the World War he returned to France and devised the Carrel-Dakin treatment for wounds, by means of which many lives were saved and countless amputations were avoided. At the same time, with Dr. du Nouy and other collaborators he studied the laws of the cicatrization of wounds. In 1919 he resumed his work at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, and developed new techniques for the cultivation of tissues in vitro. With these techniques, he and other investigators in Europe and America have made extensive studies in physiology and pathology.