CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1835-1919), American manu facturer, was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on Nov. 25, In 1848 his father emigrated to America, settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. He worked as a bobbin-boy in a cotton factory, and then as a telegraph clerk and operator. T. A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad employed him as secretary, and in 1859 made him superintendent of the western division of the line. When the Civil War opened he accompanied Scott, then assistant secretary of War, to the front. He introduced sleeping-cars for railways, and purchased (1864) Storey Farm on Oil Creek, where much oil was brought in. Foreseeing the extent to which the demand for iron and steel would grow, he started the Keystone Bridge works, built the Edgar Thomson steel-rail mill, bought out the Homestead steel works, and by 1888 had under his control an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a rail way 425m. long, and a line of lake steamships. In spite of the de pression of 1892, marked by the bloody Homestead strike, the various Carnegie companies, aided by favourable tariff legislation, prospered to such an extent that in 1901 they were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation. Mr. Carnegie himself retired from business.
His views on social subjects and the responsibilities which great wealth involved were already known in a book entitled Triumph ant Democracy, published in 1886, and in his Gospel of Wealth (1900). He devoted himself to the work of providing capital for social and educational advancement. Among these the provi sion of public libraries in the United States and Great Britain (and similarly in other English-speaking countries) was especially prominent, his method being to build and equip, but on condition that the local authority provided site and maintenance. In 190I he founded the Carnegie Institute of Technology at Pittsburgh, and in 1902 the Carnegie Institution at Washington. In Scotland he established a trust for assisting education at the Scottish uni versities, a benefaction which resulted in his being elected lord rector of St. Andrews university. He was a large benefactor of the Tuskegee Institute under Booker Washington for negro edu cation. He also established large pension funds—in 1901 for his former employes at Homestead, and in 1905 for American college professors. His benefactions in the shape of buildings and en dowments for education and research are too numerous for de tailed enumeration, and are noted in this work under the headings of the various localities. But mention must also be made of his founding of Carnegie Hero Funds, in America and in the United Kingdom (1908), for the recognition of deeds of heroism; his contribution in 1903 for the erection of a Temple of Peace at The Hague, and for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as a home for the International Bureau of American Republics. In 191I he established the Carnegie Corporation and endowed it liberally for the furtherance of civilization. By the close of 1918 he had erected 2,505 library buildings. He supported the move ment for spelling reform. He died at Lenox (Mass.), on Aug. II, 1919.