CAMPAIGN, a military term for the continuous operations of an army during a war or part of a war. The name refers to the time when armies went into quarters during the winter and liter ally "took the field" at the opening of summer. Its modern usage is, in contrast to a war on the one hand and a battle (q.v.) on the other, to cover the operations in a particular theatre of war and during a particular period. It thus constitutes a clearly defined phase of the war as a whole. The word is also used figuratively, especially in politics, of any continuous operations aimed at a defi nite object, as the "plan of campaign" in Ireland during 1886-87. The word is derived from the Latin Campania, the plain lying south-west of the Tiber, cf. Italian, la Campagna di Roma, from which came two French forms : (I) Champagne, the name given to the level province of that name, and hence the English "cham paign," a level tract of country free from woods and hills ; and (2) Campagne, and the English "campaign" with the restricted military meaning.