CARNATIC, a name given by Europeans to a region of southern India, between the Eastern Ghats and the Coromandel Coast, in the presidency of Madras. Properly the name applies only to the country of the Kanarese extending between the East ern and Western Ghats, over an irregular area narrowing north wards, from Palghat in the south to Bidar in the north, and in cluding Mysore. Administratively the name Carnatic (or rather Karnatak) is now applied only to the Bombay portion of the original Karnata, viz., the districts of Belgaum, Dharwar and Bijapur, and the native states of the Southern Mahratta agency, Jath and Kolhapur.
History.—The Carnatic was of great importance historically. It extended along the eastern coast of India about 600m. in length, and from So to loom. in breadth. It was bounded on the north by the Guntur circar, and thence it stretched southward to Cape Comorin. The region south of the river Coleroon, which passes the town of Trichinopoly, was called the Southern Carnatic. The Central Carnatic extended from the Coleroon river to the river Pennar. The Northern Carnatic extended from the river Pennar to the northern limit of the country. The Carnatic, as above defined, comprehended within its limits the maritime provinces of Nellore, Chingleput, South Arcot, Tanjore, Madura and Tin nevelly, besides the inland districts of North Arcot and Trichi nopoly.
At the earliest period of which any records exist the Carnatic was divided between the Pandya and Chola kingdoms, which with that of Chera or Kerala (q.v.) formed the three Tamil kingdoms of southern India. The Pandya kingdom practically coincided in extent with the districts of Madura and Tinnevelly; that of the Cholas extended along the Coromandel coast from Nellore to Pudukottai, being bounded on the north by the Pennar river and on the south by the Southern Vellaru. The government of the country was shared for centuries with these dynasties by numer ous independent or semi-independent chiefs, evidence of whose perennial internecine conflicts is preserved in the multitudes of forts and fortresses the deserted ruins of which crown almost all the elevated points. In spite, however, of this passion of the military classes for war the Tamil civilization developed in the country was of a high type. This was largely due to the wealth of the country, famous in the earliest times as now for its pearl fisheries. Of this fishery Korkai (the Greek Kolchoi), now a village on the Tambraparni river in Tinnevelly, but once the Pandya capital, was the centre long before the Christian era. In Pliny's day, owing to the silting up of the harbour, its glory had already decayed and the Pandya capital had been removed to Madura (Hist. Nat. vi. cap. xxiii. 26), famous later as a centre of Tamil literature. The Chola kingdom, which four centuries before Christ had been recognized as independent by the great Maurya king Asoka, had for its chief port Kaviripaddinam at the mouth of the Cauvery, every vestige of which is now buried in sand. For the first two centuries after Christ a large sea-borne trade was carried on between the Roman empire and the Tamil kingdoms ; but after Caracalla's massacre at Alexandria in A.D. 215 this ceased, and with it all intercourse with Europe for centuries. Henceforward, until the 9th century, the history of the country is illustrated only by occasional and broken lights. The 4th century saw the rise of the Pallava power, which for some 400 years encroached on, without extinguishing, the Tamil kingdoms. When in A.D. 64o the Chinese traveller Hsiian Tsang visited Kanchi (Conjevaram), the capital of the Pallava king, he learned that the kingdom of Chola (Chu-li-ya) embraced but a small territory, wild, and inhabited by a scanty and fierce popula tion; in the Pandya kingdom (Malakuta), which was under Pallava suzerainty, literature was dead, Buddhism all but extinct, while Hinduism and the naked Jain saints divided the religious allegiance of the people. The power of the Pallava kings was shaken by the victory of Vikramaditya Chalukya in A.D. 740, and shattered by Aditya Chola at the close of the 9th century. From this time onward the inscriptional records are abundant. The Chola kingdom, which in the 9th century had been weak, now revived, its power culminating in the victories of Rajaraja the Great, who defeated the Chalukyas after a four years' war, and, about A.D. 994, forced the Pandya kings to become his tribu taries. A magnificent temple at Tanjore, once his capital, pre serves the records of his victories engraved upon its walls. His career of conquest was continued by his son Rajendra Choladeva I., self-styled Gangaikonda owing to his victorious advance to the Ganges, who succeeded to the throne in A.D. 1018. The ruins of the new capital which he built, called Gangaikonda Chola puram, still stand in a desolate region of the Trichonopoly district. His successors continued the eternal wars with the Chalukyas and other dynasties, and the Chola power continued in the ascendant until the death of Kulottunga Chola III. in 1278, when a dis puted succession caused its downfall and gave the Pandyas the opportunity of gaining for a few years the upper hand in the south. In 131o, however, the Mohammedan invasion under Ma lik Kafur overwhelmed the Hindu states of southern India in a common ruin. But though crushed, they were not extinguished; a period of anarchy followed, the struggle between the Chola kings and the Muslims issuing in the establishment at Kanchi of a usurping Hindu dynasty which ruled till the end of the 14th century, while in 1365 a branch of the Pandyas succeeded in re-establishing itself in part of the kingdom of Madura, where it survived till 1623. At the beginning of the 15th century the whole country had come under the rule of the kings of Vijayana gar ; but in the anarchy that followed the overthrow of the Vijayanagar empire by the Muslims in the 16th century, the Hindu viceroys (nayakkas) established in Madura, Tanjore and Kanchi made themselves independent, only in their turn to be come tributary to the kings of Golconda and Bijapur, who divided the Carnatic between them. Towards the close of the 17th cen tury the country was reduced by the armies of Aurangzeb, who in 1692 appointed Zulfikar Ali nawab of the Carnatic, with his seat at Arcot. The collapse of the Delhi power after the death of Aurangzeb produced further changes. The nawab Saadet allah of Arcot (1710-32) established his independence; his suc cessor Dost Ali (1732-4o) conquered and annexed Madura in 1736, and his successors were confirmed in their position as na wabs of the Carnatic by the nizam of Hyderabad after that potentate had established his power in southern India. After the death of the nawab Mohammed Anwar-ud-din the succession was disputed between Mohammed Ali and Husein Dost. In this quarrel the French and English, then competing for influence in the Carnatic, took opposite sides. The victory of the British established Mohammed Ali in power over part of the Carnatic till his death in 1795. Meanwhile, however, the country had been exposed to other troubles. In 1741 Madura, which the nawab Dost Ali (1732-4o) had added to his dominions in 1736 was conquered by the Mahrattas ; and in 1743 Hyder Ali of Mysore overran and ravaged the central Carnatic. The latter was reconquered by the British, to whom Madura had fallen in 1758; and, finally, in 18o1 all the possessions of the nawab of the Carnatic were transferred to them by a treaty which stipulated that a large annual revenue should be reserved to the nawab, and that the British should undertake to support a sufficient civil and military force for the protection of the country and the collection of the revenue. On the death of the nawab in it was determined to put an end to the nominal sovereignty, a liberal establishment being provided for the family.
The southern Carnatic, when it came into the possession of the British was occupied, with doubtful right, by military chieftains called poligars. They were unquestionably a disorderly race; and the country, by their incessant feuds and plunderings, was the scene of continued strife and violence. Under British rule they were subdued and their military establishments destroyed.
See INDIA: History. For the various applications of the name Carnatic see the Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908), s.v.; for the early history of the country see V. A. Smith, Early History of India revised by S. M. Edwardes (1924) ; Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) ('goo) ; The Cambridge History of India, ed. Prof. E. J. Rapson (1922 et seq.).