CARDWELL, EDWARD (1787-1861), English theolo gian, was born at Blackburn in Lancashire in 1787. He was edu cated at Brasenose college, Oxford (B.A. 1809; M.A. B.D. 1819; D.D. 1831), and after being for several years tutor and lecturer, was appointed, in 1814, one of the examiners to the uni versity. In 1825 he was chosen Camden professor of ancient history ; and during his five years' professorship he published an edition of the Ethics of Aristotle (Oxford, 1828-30), and a course of his lectures on The Coinage of the Greeks and Romans (1833). In 1831 he succeeded Archbishop Whately as principal of St. Alban's Hall. He published in 1837 a student's edition of the Greek Testament, and an edition of the Greek and Latin texts of the Josephus de Bello Judaico, with illustrative notes (1837). He projected a history of the Church in England to be founded on David Wilkins's Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae. Of this work he executed some portions only : Documentary An nals of the Reformed Church of England from 1546 to 1716, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1839) ; History of Conferences, etc., connected with the Revision of the Book of Common Prayer (1840) ; and Synodalia, a Collection of Articles of Religion, Canons, and Pro ceedings of Convocation from 1547 to 1717 (1842) . His Ref or matio Legum Ecclesiasticarum (185o) treats of Church reform during the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth. Cardwell also edited Bishop Gibson's Synodus Anglican He died at Oxford on May 23, 1861.
C A R D W E L L, EDWARD CARDWELL, VISCOUNT (1813-1886), English statesman, was the son of a merchant of Liverpool, where he was born on July 24, 1813. After a brilliant career at Oxford he entered parliament as member for Clitheroe in 1842, and in 1845 was made secretary to. the Treasury. He supported Sir Robert Peel's free-trade policy and went out of office with him. In 1847 he was elected for Liverpool, but lost his seat in 1852 for having supported the repeal of the navigation laws. He soon found another constituency at Oxford, and upon the foundation of Lord Aberdeen's coalition ministry became president of the Board of Trade, although debarred by the jealousy of his Whig colleagues from a seat in the cabinet. In 1854 he carried, almost without opposition, a most important and complicated act consolidating all existing shipping laws; but in 1855 resigned, with his Peelite colleagues, upon the appointment of the Sevastopol enquiry committee, declining the offer of the chancellorship of the Exchequer pressed upon him by Lord Palmerston. In 1858 he moved the famous resolution condemna tory of Lord Ellenborough's despatch to Lord Canning on the affairs of Oude, which for a time seemed certain to overthrow the Derby government, but which ultimately dissolved into noth ing. He obtained a seat in Lord Palmerston's cabinet of and, after filling the uncongenial posts of secretary for Ireland and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1861), became secre tary for the colonies in 1864. Here he reformed the system of colonial defence, refusing to keep troops in the colonies during time of peace unless their expense was defrayed by the colonists; he also laid the foundation of federation in Canada and, rightly or wrongly, censured Sir George Grey's (q.v.) conduct in New Zealand. Resigning with his friends in 1866, he again took office in 1868 as secretary for war. In this post he performed the most memorable actions of his life by the abolition of purchase and the institution of the short service system and the reserve in the army, measures which excited more opposition than any of the numerous reforms effected by the Gladstone government of that period, but which were entirely justified by their success ful working afterwards. They laid the foundations, still almost unchanged, of the modern British Army. Cardwell justly ranks among the greatest military reformers since Louvois, and, like Haldane later, his achievement furnishes a proof that drastic re organization in an army can only come from outside—the in fluence of a clear-sighted and militarily interested political chief. It is an ironical comment on the opposition which he met that to-day, although the Cardwell scheme of linked battalions, one at home and one on foreign service, is hampering the independ ent mechanization of the army at home, military opinion shrinks from modifying a scheme grown sacrosanct from long usage. On the resignation of the Gladstone ministry in 1874 he was raised to the peerage, but took no further prominent part in politics. His mental faculties, indeed, were considerably im paired during the last few years of his life, and he died at Torquay on Feb. 15, 1886. He was not a showy, hardly even a prominent politician, but effected far more than many more conspicuous men. The great administrator and the bold innovator were united in him in an exceptional degree, and he allowed neither character to preponderate unduly.