CARDUCCI, GIOSUE (1836-1907), Italian poet, was born at Val-di-Castello, Tuscany, on July 27, 1836, the son of Michele Carducci, a physician who had suffered imprisonment in his youth for his share in the revolution of 1831. Carducci was educated at the University of Pisa, and began life as a public teacher. He had been appointed to a post in the municipal college at Arezzo, but the education department refused to confirm the appointment on account of his political opinions; and he then settled in Florence where he gave private lessons and edited a series of the Italian minor classics. In 186o he became professor of Ital ian literature at Bologna, where he lectured for over 4o years with fruitful results for Italian criticism. At Florence he had been the centre of a group of young men bent on overthrowing the reigning romantic taste and on a return to classical models. The poems written during this period were collected under the title of Rime (1857), Juvenilia in the collected works. He showed at once his great power as a poet and the strength of his repub lican convictions in the hymn to Satan, Irmo a Satana (written 1863, pr. 1865). Levia Gravia (1868) was a re-issue of the Rime, with some additions, but without the poems he had published separately in the interval. Then followed Decennali (1871), poems dealing with the main events of modern Italian history, and Nuove Poesie (1873), afterwards incorporated in Giambi ed Epodi (1882), and the three series of Odi barbare (1877-89). In these odes he renewed the efforts made by earlier Italian poets to adapt Latin prosody to Italian verse ; he succeeded where his predecessors had failed. He did not attempt a mere imitation by the use of long and short syllables, but sought to reproduce the rhythm of the classical metres. He adopted classic forms because in thought and feeling he was Roman ; he had a profound sense of the continuity of Italian history since the days of Rome's great ness. He was pagan at heart. "Other gods die," he wrote, "but the divinities of Greece know no setting."