CARRERA, JOSE MIGUEL (1785-1821), leader in the early struggle for the independence of Chile, and first president of the country, was born in Santiago, Chile, on Oct. 15, 1785. He received a military education in Spain, and served in the Spanish army against Napoleon. In July 1811 he returned to Chile, where, supported by his brothers, Juan Jose and Luis, he based a suc cessful revolution against Spain upon the ineffectual beginnings of Martinez de Rozas. By a coup d'etat in 1812 he placed him self at the head of the nationalist government and later in the same year made himself dictator. He reorganized the nationalist army and the public finances, created the National institute, and inaugurated the first newspaper. He forced Martinez de Rozas to seek refuge in Mendoza (1813) ; and but for the common danger of invasion from Peru in his rivalry with Bernardo O'Higgins would have culminated in civil war. In the same year his military incompetence caused the national junta to displace him in favor of O'Higgins, but early in 1814 he headed a fresh revolt and regained control. During the ensuing invasion of Spanish forces from Peru, he and O'Higgins were defeated at Rancagua (Oct. 1814) and fled to Mendoza. When San Martin sided with O'Higgins, Carrera sought aid against his opponents, first in Buenos Aires, and then in 1815 in the United States. On his return to Argentina in 1816, he was forbidden entrance to Chile. This and the death of his brothers at the hands of the followers of San Martin moved him to lend his military experience to the provincial chiefs in their sporadic revolts against Buenos Aires. He was eventually betrayed by his own men, captured, and shot at Mendoza on Sept. 4, 1821. In 1864 the Chilean govern ment erected a bronze statue to his memory in the Alameda at Santiago.