CELESTINE III. (Giacinto Bobo), pope from I191 to I198, once cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, became pope on March 3o, I191. Henry VI. of Germany forced the pontiff to crown him emperor, and three years later took possession of the Norman kingdom of Sicily; he refused tribute and the oath of allegiance, and even appointed bishops subject to his own jurisdiction; moreover, he gave his brother in fief the estates which had belonged to the countess Matilda of Tuscany. Celes tine dared not excommunicate him. In England, Prince John and the barons refused to recognize the papal legate, the bishop of Ely. Richard I. had been set free before the dilatory pope put Leopold of Austria under the ban. He died on Jan. 8, 1198. See "Epistolae Coelestini III. Papae," in M. Bouquet, Receuil des historiens des Gaules, t. 19 (1738 ff.) ; Migne, Patrol. Lat. 206, 867 ff.; further sources in Neues Archiv fur die iiltere deutsche Geschichts kunde, 2. 218; 11., 398 f.;12. 411-414; Jaffe, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (1888), vol. ii. 577 ff.