CHARLES EMMANUEL I. (CARLO EMANUELE) (1562-163o), duke of Savoy, succeeded his father, Emmanuel Philibert, in 1580. His three chief objects were the conquest of Geneva, of Saluzzo and of Monferrato. Saluzzo he succeeded in wresting from France in In 1590 he sent an expedition to Provence in the interests of the Catholic League, and followed it himself later, but the peace of 1593, by which Henry of Navarre was recognized as king of France, put an end to his ambitions. In the war between France and Spain Charles sided with the latter, with varying success. Finally, by the Peace of Lyons he gave up all territories beyond the Rhone, but his possession of Saluzzo was confirmed. His attempt to capture Geneva by treachery and with the help of Spain (the famous escalade) in 1602 failed completely. On the death in 1612 of Duke Francesco Gonzaga of Mantua, who was lord of Monferrato, Charles Emmanuel made a successful coup de main on that district. This arrayed the Venetians, Tuscany, the Empire and Spain against him, and he was obliged to relinquish his conquest. The terms of the peace of 1618 left him more or less in the status quo ante. In 1628 he was in alliance with Spain in the war against France and the French invaded the duchy. The duke fought desperately, but was taken ill at Savigliano and died in 163o. He was succeeded by his son Victor Amedeo I., while his third son Tommaso founded the line of Savoy-Carignano from which the present royal house of Italy is descended.
See E. Ricotti, Storia della monarchia piemontese, vols. iii. and iv. (Florence, 1865) ; T. Raulich, Storia di Carlo Emanuele I. (Milan, 1896-1902) ; G. Curti, Carlo Emanuele I. secondo; pis recenti studii (Milan, 1894) .