CHEBOYGAN, a city of Michigan, U.S.A., on south channel of the Strait of Mackinac, at the mouth of the Cheboygan river; a port of entry and the county seat of Cheboygan county. It is on Federal highways 23 and 27, and is served by the Michigan Central and the Detroit and Mackinac railways, and by lake steamers dur ing the navigation season. The population in 193o was 4,923. Cheboygan is in the heart of the summer resort region of northern Michigan, and is surrounded by a farming, stock-raising and fruit growing country. The city has sundry manufacturing industries, and is an important fishing port, shipping 3,000,000 lb. of fish to eastern markets in 1927. There are large silver fox farms near by. The commerce of the port declined from the peak of 700,998 tons in 1898 to 36,340 tons in 1925. Cheboygan (at first called Duncan and later Inverness) was settled in 1846, and chartered as a city in 2889.
This district in the North Caucasian area of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic was created an autonomous area in Nov. 192o. Area, 20,025 sq.km. Pop. (1926), 311,005, entirely rural. It, consists mainly of the densely wooded slopes of the Northern Caucasus, and extends from the Caucasus to the Terek river, and from Ingushetia to Dagestan. The naphtha region of Groznyi, which lies in the area, forms a separate province and its area and population are not included in the figures given above, though Checheno-Ingushsk is administered from the town of Groznyi. In the north the forest thins out and its place is taken by steppe with chestnut brown soil, less fertile than the black earth, but suitable for agriculture in years of good rainfall. The latter varies in quantity in the north, but is more abundant on the southern hill slopes. The density of population is about 3o per sq.km. ; the Chechens are the most numerous of the native hill tribes in the North Caucasian area, forming 2.7% of the total population. The Chechen, Tchetchen (or Khists [Kisti], as they are called by the Georgians) call themselves "Nakhtche" (people). They fought fiercely against Russian aggression under Daud Beg, Oman Khan and Shamyl, in the 18th century, and under Khazi-Mollah in t-he 19th century. Many of them migrated to Armenia in after the surrender of their chieftain Shamyl. They are Moham medans, and they are governed by popular assembly in each commune, every man considering himself free and equal to his neighbour. Towards the north settled agriculture has been in troduced by Russian immigrants and winter wheat, millet, oats and barley are grown. Working cattle are used in preference to horses. But, in the southern hill oak, beech, birch and pine forest and alpine pasture area, the Chechens are hunters or nomad herdsmen, taking their goats and sheep to the high meadows in the spring, and descending in autumn to the lower, more shel tered areas. They sow oats and barley under great difficulties, often having to remove the stones brought down by the spring floods from their tiny cultivated patches, and even in summer snow may fall. Their goats supply them with milk, and their sheep with meat, leather and wool; koustar (peasant) industries include spinning, weaving, preparing leather and the making of knives and daggers. Bees are kept and a saw-milling industry is being introduced; three new saw-mills were built in 2926-27. Cultural life is at a low level: there is a high percentage of illiteracy, and this, combined with the absence of roads and the impossibility of using the mountain streams (the Surizha and Argun and their tributaries) for passenger navigation, makes cultural and economic progress difficult. Many mountain Che chens live in windowless hovels of mud and stone in the winter, and, in the summer, on the Alpine pastures, improvise shelters from boughs. The two main roads are from Groznyi to Shatoi on the Argun river, and a road farther east almost parallel to it, passing south into Dagestan. There is telegraphic communication along these roads. From Gydermes junction a loop of the Cas pian-Black sea railway passes through Groznyi to Beslan, from which a branch goes to Vladikavkaz.