CESNOLA, LUIGI PALMA DI Italian American soldier and archaeologist, was born at Rivarolo, near Turin, Italy, on July 29, 1832, of an ancient but impoverished family. Educated for a military career, he served with distinction against Austria (1848-49) and in the Crimean war, and going to New York in 186o, founded there a training school for army officers. He fought in the American Civil War as colonel of a New York cavalry regiment, received mention for bravery in several encounters, was wounded and imprisoned, and after the war was brevetted brigadier-general. Renouncing his Italian titles, he received a presidential appointment as U.S. consul to Cyprus (1865-77), where he made extensive excavations of ancient pot tery at Larnaca and Salinos, and verified and surveyed the sites of Paphos, Soli and Pali. In 1872 the New York Metropolitan Museum purchased his collection, which became the nucleus for subsequent extensive acquisitions. In 1879 he was appointed director of the museum, a post which he filled until his death, and in which he displayed foresight and energy. The authority of his restorations was questioned in an article in the New York Herald (Aug. 188o) , but the question, on being referred to a special committee, was decided in his favour. In 1897 he received a Congressional medal of honour for conspicuous military services. He died in New York on Nov. 21, 1904. He is the author of Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples (1877), and of a Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiqui ties (1884-86). His brother, Alessandro Palma di Cesnola, born in 1839, conducted excavations at Paphos (where he was U.S. vice-consul) and Salamis, on behalf of the British Government. These are described in Salaminia (1882). (See CYPRUS.) For the Cesnola controversy, see D. D. Cobham's Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus (4th ed., 1900). (W. B. P.)