CHMIELNICKI, BOGDAN (c. hetman of the Cossacks, but a Pole by descent, was born near Chigirin in the Ukraine. He entered the Cossack ranks and was captured by the Turks ; during his two years' captivity in Constantinople he learnt Turkish and French. On his return to the Ukraine he lived quietly on his estate until the tyranny of the Polish governor led him to seek justice at Warsaw. After serving with the Cossacks in the Ukraine campaign of 1646, against the Turks, he suffered fresh persecution as a royalist and a Cossack, and he fled to the Cos sack settlements on the Lower Dnieper, whence he sent messages to the khan of the Crimea, urging a simultaneous invasion of Po land by the Tatars and Cossacks (1647). On April II, 1648, at an assembly of the Zaporozhians (see POLAND: History), he de clared his intention of fighting the Poles, and was elected ataman. As a result of his victories at Zheltnaya Vodui and Kruta Balka in May the serfs rose. Throughout the Ukraine the Polish gentry and the Jesuits were hunted down and slain. The rebels swarmed over the palatinates of Volhynia and Podolia, and Chmielnicki routed the Poles at Pildawa (Sept. 23). In June 1649 he entered Kiev, where he permitted the committal of atrocities on the Jews and Roman Catholics. His extravagant demands at the peace congress at Pereyaslavl led to the renewal of war, which was ended by the compact of Zborow. Chmielnicki was recognized as a semi-independent prince of the Ukraine. His attempt to carve a principality for his son out of Moldavia led to the third out break of war in 1651. At Beresteczko (July I, 1651) Chmielnicki was defeated. In 1652 he sent an embassy to the Tsar asking for Russia's alliance, and in 1654 took an oath of allegiance to him. All hope of an independent Cossack state was thus at an end, though after the Tsar's successful campaign against Poland, Chmielnicki entered into negotiations with Charles X. of Sweden against Alexis. He died on Aug. 7, See P. Kulish, On the Defection of Malo-Russia from Poland (Rus.) (Moscow, 189o) ; S. M. Solovev, History of Russia, vol. x. (Rus.) (Moscow, 1857, etc.) ; R. N. Bain, The First Romanovs, ch. iii.—iv.