CHUQUISACA, a department of S.E. Bolivia. It lies partly upon the eastern plateau of Bolivia and partly upon the great plains of the upper La Plata basin; area, 36,132 sq.m. The Pil comayo, a large tributary of the Paraguay, crosses N.W. to S.E. the western part of the department. The climate of the lowlands is hot, humid and unhealthy, but that of the plateau is salubrious, though subject to greater extremes in temperature. The seasons are sharply divided into wet and dry, the eastern plains becoming great lagoons during the wet season, and parched deserts during the dry. The mineral resources are important, but are less de veloped than those of Potosi and Oruro. Grazing is the principal industry of the plains, and cattle, sheep, goats and llamas are raised and cereals grown in the fertile valleys of the plateau. Rough highways connect Chuquisaca with its neighbours on the N. and W., and pack animals are the common means of trans porting merchandise. The first railway in the department running from Potosi to Sucre was near completion in 1927. The popula tion was estimated at 327,929 in 1931, and is largely composed of Indians and mestizos. The plateau Indians are generally Aymaras, but on the eastern plains there are considerable settlements of partly civilized Chiriguanos, of Guarani origin. The department is divided into five provinces, the greater part of the lowlands being unsettled and without effective political organization. Its principal towns are Sucre, the capital, Camargo, Padilla and Yotala.