CHRYSOLORAS, MANUEL [or EMMANUEL] (c. 1415), one of the pioneers in spreading Greek literature in the West, was born at Constantinople. He was a pupil of Gemistus (q.v.). In 1393 he was sent to Italy by the emperor Manuel Palaeologus to implore the aid of the Christian princes against the Turks. At the invitation of the magistrates of Florence he became about 1395 professor of the Greek language in that city, where he taught for three years. He became famous as a trans lator of Homer and Plato. Later, after visiting Milan, Pavia and Venice, he was invited to Rome. In 1408 he was sent to Paris on an important mission from the emperor Manuel Palaeologus. In 1413 he went to Germany on an embassy to the emperor Sigismund, the object of which was to fix a place for the as sembling of a general council. It was decided that the meeting should take place at Constance ; and Chrysoloras was on his way thither, having been chosen to represent the Greek Church, when he died suddenly on April 15, 1415. Only two of his works have been printed, his Erotemata (published at Venice in 1484), which was the first Greek grammar in use in the West, and Epistolae III. de contparatione veteris et novae Romae.