CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL Ameri can clergyman and author, was born of an old Virginia family in Stafford county, Va., on March 17, 183 2. He graduated at Dick inson college in 1849, studied law for a year, and then became a Methodist minister in his native State. In 1853, owing largely to the influence of Ralph Waldo Emerson, he entered the Harvard Divinity school, where he graduated in 1854. His abolitionist views aroused the bitter hostility of his old neighbours, and brought his dismissal from a Unitarian church in Washington, D.C. From 1856 to 1861 he was a minister in the First Congre gational Church in Cincinnati, 0., at that time a centre of western culture, where, also, he edited a short-lived liberal periodical named after its eastern predecessor The Dial. Subsequently with F. B. Sanborn he was an editor of the Commonwealth in Boston, Mass. During the Civil War he lectured in England in behalf of the North. From 1863 to 1884 he was the minister of the South Place chapel, Finsbury, London. During this time he wrote ' frequently for the London press, and in 1884 he returned to the United States to devote himself to literary work. He died in Paris, on Nov. 15, 1907. His publications include Tracts for To-day (1858); Republican Superstitions (1872); Idols and Ideals (1871) ; Demonology and Devil Lore (1878) ; A Necklace of Stories (1879) ; The Wandering Jew (1881) ; Pine and Palm (1887) ; The Life of Thomas Paine, with an unpublished sketch of Paine by William Cobbett (1892) ; Solomon and Soloinonic Literature (1899) ; and My Pilgrimage to the Wise Men of the East (1906). His Autobiography (19o4) is especially valuable for its sketches of important figures in the r 9th century by whom he was esteemed as a leader of liberal thought. Moncure D. Con way, Addresses and Reprints (1909) contains The Golden Hour (1862), The Earthward Pilgrimage (187o) and shorter pieces. CONWAY, WILLIAM MARTIN CONWAY, IST Baron (1856-1937), English art critic and mountaineer, was born at Rochester on April 12, 1856, and educated at Repton and at Trinity college, Cambridge. In 188o his interest in early print ing and engraving led him to make a tour of the principal li braries of Europe, the result appearing in 1884 as a History of the Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century. His later works on art include Reynolds and Gainsborough (1886) ; Early Flemish Artists (1887) ; The Literary Remains of Albrecht Diirer (1889) ; The Dawn of Art in the Ancient World (1891), dealing with Chaldaean, Assyrian and Egyptian art; Early Tuscan Artists (1902) ; The Sport of Collecting (1914) ; The Van Eycks and their Followers (1921) ; Art Treasures of Soviet Russia (1925). From 1884 to 1887 he was professor of art at University college, Liverpool; and from 190 r to 1904 Slade professor of the fine arts at Cambridge. He was knighted in 1895.
Sir Martin Conway began mountaineering in the Alps at the age of 16 and after devoting several years to the mountains about Zermatt he published a guide-book to them for climbers, entitled The Zermatt Pocket Book. This was reissued as one of the series of Climbers' Guides, which he edited in conjunction with the Rev. A. B. Coolidge, and these in form and arrangement were the original of scores of imitations issued in many languages and dealing with mountain ranges in four continents. He was presi dent of the Alpine club 1902 to 1904. In 1892 he made the first complete ascent of any of the great Himalayan peaks, reach ing a height of 23,000ft., in the course of the first scientific mountaineering expedition undertaken in any part of the snow region of the Himalayas, and supported by the Royal Society, the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association. In 1896-97 he explored the interior of Spitsbergen and crossed the main island for the first time ; in the next year he explored and surveyed the Bolivian Andes, making the first ascent of the highest mountain of the group, Illimani (21, 2oof t.) . He also ascended Aconcagua (23,o8oft.) and explored Tierra del Fuego, making the first and almost successful attempt to climb Mt. Sarmiento, being driven down when near the summit by a terrific gale. At the Paris exhibition of 1 goo he received the gold medal for mountain surveys, and in 1905 the founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society, of which he was vice-president. His expeditions are described in his Climbing and Exploration in the Kara-Koram Himalayas (1894) , The Alps from End to End (1895), The First Crossing of Spitsbergen (1897), With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers (1898), The Bolivian Andes (19ox ), Aconcagua in Tierra del Fuego (1902) , and Mountain Memories (192o). No Man's Land, a History of Spitsbergen from . . . . . ., was published in 1906.
In 1902 he began the acquisition and chronological classification of photographic and other reproductions of works of art of all kinds from the Stone Age down to the i 8th century, now some 250,00o in number. In i9o5 he purchased the extensive ruins of Allington castle, near Maidstone, and proceeded to bring them back into a habitable condition, a work which has been con tinuously carried on for 21 years and is still in progress. He was vice-president of the Society of Antiquaries. From 1917 he was director-general of the Imperial War Museum. In 1918 he entered the House of Commons as member for the combined English universities, and urged the reform of the passport system. In 1931 he was created a baron. He died Apr. 19,