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Encyclopedia Britannica

Volume 6, Part 1: Colebrooke to Damascius

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Luigi Cornaro
Cornaro, Luigi (1467-1566), A Venetian Nobleman, Who, After A Severe Illness At The Age Of 4o, Became An Apostle Of Abstinence. In Later Life He Found One Egg A Day Sufficient Solid Food. His Discorsi Sulla Vita Sobria (1558) Was Translated Into Many Languages And Has Often Been Reprinted. He ...

Marcus Valerius Corvus
Corvus, Marcus Valerius (c. 37o-27o B.c.), Roman General. According To The Legend A Raven Settled On His Helmet During His Combat With A Gigantic Gaul, And Distracted The Enemy's Attention By Flying In His Face. He Was Twice Dictator And Six Times Consul, And Occupied The Curule Chair (see Curule) ...

Marie Alfred Cornu
Cornu, Marie Alfred (1841-1902), French Physi Cist, Was Born At Orleans And Was Professor Of Experimental Physics In The Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, From 1867 Until His Death. Although He Made Various Excursions Into Other Branches Of Physical Science, Undertaking, For Example, With J. B. A. Baille About 1870 A Repetition ...

Marie Corelli
Corelli, Marie (1855-1924), English Novelist, Was The Daughter Of Dr. Charles Mackay (q.v.) The Song-writer And Jour Nalist, And His Second Wife, Formerly Mary Elizabeth Mills. She Was Sent To Be Educated In A French Convent With The Object Of Training Her For The Musical Profession. She Became Suddenly Famous ...

Marie Cottin
Cottin, Marie (called Sophie) (1770-1807), French Novelist, Née Risteau, Was Born In Paris In 1770. Elisabeth, Ou Les Exiles De Siberie, Her Last And Most Famous Tale, Was Published In I8o6. Its Subject Was Treated Later With An Admirable Simplicity By Xavier De Maistre. She Died At Champlan (seine Et ...

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis De (1743-1794), French Mathematician, Philosopher And Revolutionary, Was Born At Ribemont, In Picardy, On Sept. 17, 1743. He Descended From The Ancient Family Of Caritat, Who Took Their Title From Condorcet, In Dauphine. He Was Educated At The Jesuit College In Rheims And ...

Mary Cork And Orrery
Cork And Orrery, Mary, Countess Of (mary Monckton) (1746-184o), Was Born On May 21, 1746, The Daughter Of The First Viscount Galway. Through Her Influence Her Mother's House In London Became A Favourite Meeting-place Of Literary Celebrities. Dr. Johnson Was A Frequent Guest. Sheridan, Rey Nolds, Burke And Horace Walpole ...

Mediaeval
Mediaeval A Short Account Is Here Given Of The Rise And Development Of Towns In Central And Western Europe Since The Downfall Of The Roman Empire. All These Arose Under Similar Conditions, Economic, Legal And Political, Irrespective Of Local Peculiarities. Kindred Eco Nomic Conditions Prevailed In All The Former Provinces ...

Metallic Containers
Containers, Metallic, A Phrase Describing Cylin Ders, Tank Cars, Barrels, Drums And Cans, Used To Hold Substances Either In Gaseous Solid Or Liquid Form At Atmospheric Or High Pres Sures. ...

Michael Augustine Corrigan
Corrigan, Michael Augustine American Prelate, Was Born In Newark (n.j.), On Aug. 13, 1839. In 1859 He Graduated At Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg (md.), And Began His Studies For The Priesthood At The American College In Rome. After His Return To America, He Was Successively Professor Of Dogmatic Theology ...

Michael Collins
Collins, Michael Irish Politician, Was Born Near Clonakilty In County Cork, The Eighth Child Of John Collins, A Prosperous Farmer Who, At 62, Married Kate O'brien, His Junior By 4o Years. Michael Collins Entered The Second Division Of The British Civil Service And Went To London As A Junior Postal ...

Military Colours
Colours, Military. The Term "colours" Is A Collo Quial Expression Embracing The Standards And Guidons Carried By Cavalry Regiments And The Colours Proper Carried By Infantry Regi Ments And Certain Other Arms. Like All National And Tribal Flags, Colours Are Symbols Embodying The Spirit Of The People Who Fight Under ...

Modern Cookery
Modern Cookery In Its Modern Aspect, Cookery Is Both An Art And A Science. It Is An Art Because It Requires Special Manipulative Skill, And (2) Colour, Design And Attractive Form And Service Are Essential, Especially In The Higher Grades. It Is A Science Be Cause Exact Knowledge Is Necessary ...

Moncure Daniel Conway
Conway, Moncure Daniel Ameri Can Clergyman And Author, Was Born Of An Old Virginia Family In Stafford County, Va., On March 17, 183 2. He Graduated At Dick Inson College In 1849, Studied Law For A Year, And Then Became A Methodist Minister In His Native State. In 1853, Owing ...

Mortimer Collins
Collins, Mortimer (1827-1876), English Writer, Was Born In Plymouth June 2g 1827, And Died July 28 1876. His Longest And Best Sustained Poem Is The British Birds, A Corn Munication From The Ghost Of Aristophanes (1872). He Also Wrote Several Novels, The Best Of Which Is Perhaps Sweet Anne Page ...

Naval Convoy
Naval Convoy Naval Convoy Is A Term Used In Naval Warfare To Describe The System Of Defending Merchant Ships, Whereby The Vessels Sail In Groups "convoyed" By Warships. Until The 17th Century The English Term Was To "waft" And A Warship Employed On This Duty Was Called A "wafter." The ...

Nicolas Jacques Conte
Conte, Nicolas Jacques A French Mechanical Genius, Chemist And Painter, Born At Aunou-sur Orne, Near Sees, On Aug. 4, 17 5 5. The War With England Deprived France Of Plumbago ; He Substituted For It An Artificial Substance Obtained From A Mixture Of Graphite And Clay. In 1795 He Was ...

Nicolaus Copernicus Or Koppernigk
Copernicus Or Koppernigk, Nicolaus (1473 , Polish Astronomer, Was Born On Feb. 19, 1473, At Thorn In Prussian Poland, Where His Father, A Native Of Cracow, Had Settled As A Wholesale Trader. Nicolaus Was Virtually Adopted By His Uncle Lucas Watzelrode, Later (in 5489) Bishop Of Ermeland. He Studied Mathematical ...

Nicolo De Conti
Conti, Nicolo De' (fl. 1419-1444), Venetian Explorer And Writer, Was A Merchant Of Noble Family, Who Left Venice About 1419 For 25 Years. We Next Find Him In Damascus, Whence He Made His Way Over The North Arabian Desert, The Euphrates And Southern Mesopotamia, To Baghdad. From Baghdad He Sailed ...

Nucopia
Nucopia ("horn Of Plenty"), A Horn, Generally Twisted, Filled With Fruit And Flowers, Or An Orna Ment Representing It. It Was Used As A Symbol Of Prosperity And Abundance, And Hence In Works Of Art It Is Placed In The Hands Of Plutus, Fortuna And Similar Divinities. ...

Or Commissary Commissar
Commissar, Or Commissary, An Official In The Union Of Socialist Soviet Republics Entrusted With The Guidance Of A Separate Branch Of The Administration, As The People's Commis Sary For Foreign Affairs, For War And Marine, Etc. ...

Or Common Sense Philosophy
Common Sense Philosophy, Or "the Philosophy Of Common Sense," Is The Usual Designation Of The Scottish Philoso Phy Or The Philosophy Of The Scottish School Consisting Of Thomas Reid (i 710-1796), Adam Ferguson (1724-1816), Dugald Stewart (1 7 J3-1828) And Others. This Trend Of Thought Was A Reaction Or Revolt ...

Or Community Trust Community
Community Foundation, Or Community Trust, The, In The United States Is An Agency Organized For The Permanent Administration Of Funds Placed In Trust For Public Educational, Charitable, Scientific, Or Benevolent Purposes. The First Of Such Trusts To Be Organized Was The Cleveland Foundation, Brought Into Existence In Jan. 1914 By ...

Or Copering Coopering
Coopering, Or Copering. A System Of Traffic In Spirituous Liquors, Tobacco And Other Articles Amongst The Fishermen In The North Sea. The Practice Began In The Middle Of The 19th Century, When Flemish And Dutch Koopers (traders) Frequented The Fishing Fleets For The Purpose Of Barter. Trading First In Tobacco, ...

Or English Horn Cor
Cor Anglais, Or English Horn, A Wood-wind Double Reed Instrument Of The Oboe Family, Of Which It Is The Tenor. It Is Not A Horn, But Bears The Same Relation To The Oboe As The Basset Horn Does To The Clarinet. The Cor Anglais Differs Slightly In Construction From The ...

Orbits Of Comets
Orbits Of Comets Law Of Gravitation Applied To Comets.—it Was Impossible To Ascertain The True Orbits Of Comets Till The Law Of Gravitation Had Been Established. Newton Proved That Under A Force That Diminished In Proportion To The Inverse Square Of The Distance, A Body Could Describe Any Of The ...

Ordinary Business Corporations
Ordinary Business Corporations The Development Of Business Corporations In The United States Has In General Been Substantially Similar To That Of Joint Stock Companies In England, But There Are A Number Of Important Di Vergencies Between The Business Practices And Law Of The Two Countries. The Legal Differences Are In ...

Origin Of Continents
Continents, Origin Of. Throughout The Greater Part Of The I9th Century Geologists In General Believed That Our Present Continents And Oceans Were Only Temporary Features Of The Globe. In The Last Quarter Of The Century, However, The Idea Of The Permanence Of The Ocean Basins Began To Gain Ground. It ...

Other Corporations
Other Corporations Special Types Of Corporations.—in Addition To The Statutes Governing Ordinary Business Corporations, There Are In Most States Separate Enactments Relating To Stock Corporations Engaged In Special Kinds Of Business, Such As Banking And Public Service. Banks May Be Organized Under Either Federal Or State Laws, Which In General ...

Output And Manufacture Copper
Copper, Output And Manufacture. Before The World War, The World's Production Of Copper Had Risen To About I,000,000 Tons Per Annum. From 1916-18 This Rose To Ap Proximately 1,400,00o Tons. For The Next Few Years, Owing To Trade Depression, Production Was Restricted, But In 1926 The Pro Duction Exceeded The ...

Paul Condouriotes
Condouriotes, Paul (1855-1935), Greek Admiral And Statesman, Was Born April 14 (new Style), 1855, In The Island Of Hydra. He Adopted A Naval Career And Served In The Greco Turkish War Of 1897. He Commanded The Fleet In The Balkan War Of 1912-13, And Twice Defeated The Turkish Navy In ...

Pedro Antonio Joaquim Correa
Correa Garcao, Pedro Antonio Joaquim (1724-1772), Portuguese Lyric Poet, Was The Son Of A Foreign Office Official; His Mother Was Of French Descent. The Poet Studied Law At Coimbra. He Took His Degree In 1748, And Two Years Later Was Created A Knight Of The Order Of Christ. In 1751 ...

Peter Cooper
Cooper, Peter (1791-1883), American Manufacturer, Inventor And Philanthropist, Was Born In New York City On Feb. 12, 1791. He Received Practically No Schooling, But Worked With His Father At Various Trades. At 17 He Was Apprenticed To A Coach Builder In New York City. On Coming Of Age He Got ...

Peter Von Cornelius
Cornelius, Peter Von German Paint Er, Was Born In Dusseldorf On Sept. 27, 1783. His Earliest Work Of Importance Was The Decoration Of The Choir Of The Church Of St. Quirinus At Neuss. At The Age Of 26 He Produced His Designs From Faust. On Oct. 14, 1811, He Arrived ...

Philip Howard Colomb
Colomb, Philip Howard British Vice-admiral, Historian, Critic And Inventor, The Son Of Gen. G. T. Colomb, Was Born In Scotland, On May 29, I831. He Entered The Navy In 1846, And Served First At Sea Off Portugal In 1847; After Wards, In 1848, In The Mediterranean, And From 1848 To ...

Philippe De Comines
Comines, Philippe De, (c. 1445 1509), French Statesman And Historian, Was Born At The Castle Of Comines, In Flanders. He Was Brought Up At The Court Of His God Father, Philip V., Duke Of Burgundy, And In 1464 Was Taken Into The Service Of Charles The Bold, Count Of Charolais. ...

Pierre Corneille
Corneille, Pierre (1606-1684), French Dramatist And Poet, Was Born At Rouen, In The Rue De La Pie, On June 6, 16o6. His Father, Pierre Corneille, A Magistrate Of Rouen, Was Ennobled In 1637, And The Honour Was Renewed In Favour Of His Sons Pierre And Thomas In 166g, Though The ...

Pieter Willem Adrian Cort
Cort Van Der Linden, Pieter Willem Adrian (1846-1935), Dutch Politician, Until 1897 Followed An Academic Career, Mainly Interesting Himself In Economics. In That Year He Became Minister Of Justice And He Retained This Post Until 1901, When He Was Appointed A Member Of The State Council. In 1913, After The ...

Pietro Colletta
Colletta, Pietro (17 Neapolitan General And Historian, Served In The Neapolitan Artillery Against The French In 1798. He Adhered To The Parthenopean Republic, And On The Sur Render Of Naples Was Imprisoned, But, More Fortunate Than Many Of His Comrades, He Was Pardoned. When Joseph Bonaparte Seized The Neapolitan Throne ...

Pietro Costa
Costa, Pietro (183o-188o), Italian Dramatist, Was Born At Rome. After Fighting For The Roman Republic In 1849, He Emi Grated To South America, But Soon Returned To Italy, And Lived Precariously As A Literary Man Until 1870, When His Reputation Was Established By The Unexpected Success Of His First Acted ...

Placido Columbani
Columbani, Placido, Italian Architectural Designer, Who Worked Chiefly In England In The Latter Part Of The 18th Century. He Belonged To The School Of The Adams And Pergolesi, And Like Them Frequently Designed The Enrichments Of Furniture. He Was A Prolific Producer Of Chimney-pieces, Which Are Often Mistaken For Adam ...

Polyphaga
Polyphaga Antennae And Tarsi Very Variable: Hind Wings Without Cross Veins Or Oblongum (fig. 3) : First Visible Abdominal Sternum Not Completely Divided By Hind Coxal Cavities. Larvae Very Variable In Form And Habit: Tarsi Wanting, Claws Single. ...

Primitive Communism
Communism, Primitive. Many Societies Which Are Classified As Primitive Or As Belonging To The Lower Culture, Ex Hibit Features Which Have Given Rise To The View That Communistic Principles Regulate Their Economic System. Thus, Among The Lhota Nagas Of Assam "land Can Be Held Either By The Village, A Morung—men's ...

Princes Of Conde
Conde, Princes Of. The French Title Of Prince Of Conde, Assumed From The Ancient Town Of Conde-sur-l'escaut, Was Borne By A Branch Of The House Of Bourbon. The First Who Assumed It Was The Famous Huguenot Leader, Louis De Bourbon (see Below), The Fifth Son Of Charles De Bourbon, Duke ...

Princes Of Conti
Conti, Princes Of. The Title Of Prince Of Conti, Assumed By A Younger Branch Of The House Of Conde, Was Taken From Conti-sur-selles, A Small Town About Aom. S.w. Of Amiens, Which Came Into The Conde Family By The Marriage Of Louis Of Bourbon, First Prince Of Conde, With Eleanor ...

Principle Of Contradiction
Contradiction, Principle Of (principiurn Con Tradictionis), In Logic, The Term Applied To The Second Of The Three Primary "laws Of Thought." The Oldest Statement Of The Law Is That Contradictory Statements Cannot Both At The Same Time Be True, E.g., The Two Propositions "a Is B" And "a Is Not ...

Purification
Purification.) Often Consecration Is Tantamount To Cursing. Holiness Is Dan Gerous And May Even Involve Social Degradation. Particular Sites, Rivers, Springs, Hills, Meadows, Caves, Rocks, Trees, Or Groves, Are Holy, And From Time Immemorial Have Been So, As The Natural Homes Or Haunts Of Gods Or Spirits, E.g. Mt. Sinai, ...

Randle Cotgrave
Cotgrave, Randle (d. 1634?), English Lexicographer, Of A Cheshire Family, Was Educated At Cambridge, Entering St. John's College In 1587. He Became Secretary To Lord Burghley, And In 161i Published The First French-english Dictionary (i6i 1) A Work Which Has Great Historical Value For The Study Of Both Languages. He ...

Receiving Set Controls
Controls, Receiving Set, The Switches And Dial Knobs Used To Control The Power Supply And Adjust The Tuning Of A Radio Receiving Set. ...

Retail Distributive Or Consumers
Retail Distributive Or Consumers' Societies Extent And Character.—consumers' Co-operation In Britain Has Spread Far Beyond The Industrial Regions Of The Midlands And The North. From Penzance To Wick And Thurso There Extends A Network Of Between 1,200 And 1,3oo Independent, Self-governing, Territorial Societies, The Number Decreasing Through Amalgamations While The ...

Richard Boyle Cork
Cork, Richard Boyle, Ist Earl Of (i 566-1643 ), Irish Statesman, Was Born At Canterbury On Oct. 3, 1566, And Educated At King's School And Bennet (corpus Christi) College, Cambridge. He Afterwards Studied Law At The Middle Temple, And, Settling In Dublin, Became Escheator To John Crofton, The Escheator-general. On ...

Richard Congreve
Congreve, Richard (1818-1899), English Positivist, Was Born At Leamington On Sept. 4, 1818, Was Educated At Rugby And Oxford, And Was A Fellow Of Wadham College. In 1878 He Caused The Split In English Positivism By Refusing To Admit The Authority Of P. Laffitte, Auguste Comte's Successor. Congreve Translated Several ...

Richard Corbet
Corbet, Richard (1582-1635), English Bishop And Poet, Was Born In 1582 At Ewell, Surrey, And Died At Norwich On July 28 1635. At Oxford, To Which He Proceeded From West Minster School In 1597, He Was Noted As A Wit. In 1628 He Was Made Bishop Of Oxford, And In ...

Richard Cosway
Cosway, Richard (c. 1742-1821), English Miniature Painter, Was Baptized In 1742; His Father Was Master Of Blundell's School, Tiverton, Where Cosway Was Educated. His Success In Miniature Painting Is Said To Have Been Started By His Clever Por Trait Of Mrs. Fitzherbert, Which Brought Cosway His Earliest Great Patron, The ...

Rince Of
Rince Of 0530— '569), Fifth Son Of Charles De Bourbon, Duke Of Venclorne, Younger Brother Of Antoine, King Of Navarre 0518-62), Was The First Of The Famous House Of Conde. After His Father's Death In 1537 Louis Was Educated In The Principles Of The Reformed Re Ligion. Brave Though Deformed, ...

Rince Of_2
Rince Of (162'— 1686), Called The Great Conde, Son Of Henry, Prince Of Conde, And Charlotte De Montmorency, Was Born In Paris On Sept. 8, 1621, And Educated By The Jesuits At Bourges. The Duc D'enghien, As He Was Styled During His Father's Lifetime, Served In The Campaigns Of 164o ...

Robert Colling
Colling, Robert (1749-182o), And Charles (1751-1836), English Stock Breeders, Famous For Their Improve Ment Of The Shorthorn Breed Of Cattle, Were The Sons Of Charles Colling, A Farmer Of Ketton, Near Darlington, Where Charles Con Tinued To Farm, While Robert Took A Farm At Barmpton. An Ani Mal Which Robert ...

Robert Copland
Copland, Robert (fl. 1515), English Printer And Au Thor, Is Said To Have Been A Servant Of William Caxton, And Cer Tainly Worked For Wynkyn De Worde. The First Book To Which His Name Is Affixed As A Printer Is The Boke Of Justices Of Peace (1515), At The Sign ...

Rodrigo Cota De Maguaque
Cota De Maguaque, Rodrigo (d. Before Spanish Poet, Was Born At Toledo. Little Is Known Of Him Save That He Was Of Jewish Origin And Abjured His Religion. He Is The Author Of The Didlogo Entre El Amor Y Un Viejo, A Striking Dramatic Poem First Printed In The Cancionero ...

Roger Cotes
Cotes, Roger (1682-1716), English Mathematician And Philosopher, The Son Of A Clergyman, Was Born At Burbage, Leicestershire, On July I O, 1682. He Was Educated At St. Paul's School And Trinity College, Cambridge, And In I706 Became Plum Ian Professor Of Astronomy And Experimental Philosophy At Cam Bridge. He Died ...

Romain Coolus
Coolus, Romain, Known As Rene Weil (1868-- ), French Dramatist, Born At Rennes On May 25, 1868. His First Popular Success Seems To Have Been Les Amants De Sazy (19o1), A Daring Play Full Of Biting Irony, Which Has Not Yet Lost Its Appeal. Among The Plays Which Definitely Made ...

Roscoe Conkling
Conkling, Roscoe (1829-1888), American Lawyer And Political Leader, Was Born In Albany, N.y., On Oct. 3o, 1829. He Was The Son Of Alfred Conkling (1789-1874), Who Was A Represent Ative In Congress From New York In 1821-23, A Federal Dis Trict Judge In 1825-52, And U.s. Minister To Mexico In ...

Rose Terry Cooke
Cooke, Rose Terry 0827-1892), American Writer, Nee Terry, Was Born At West Hartford (conn.), Feb. 17, 1827, Was Educated At The Hartford Female Seminary, And Then Found Em Ployment As A Teacher. Her Intense Nature Soon Found Vent In Writing, However, And Before She Was 20 She Had Contributed To ...

Saint Colman
Colman, Saint (d. 676), Bishop Of Lindisfarne (661), Was An Irish Monk At Iona. He Attended The Synod Of Whitby In 664, When The Dispute Between The Roman And The Celtic Parties On The Date Of Easter Was Considered. He Upheld The Celtic Usages, But King Oswy Decided Against Him. ...

Saint Columba
Columba, Saint (irish, Co/um) (521-597), Irish Saint (also Columkille "of The Church"), Was Born On Dec. 7, 521, At Gartan In Co. Donegal. His Father, Feidlimid, Was A Member Of The Reigning Family In Ireland And Was Closely Allied To That Of Dalriada (argyll) . His Mother Eithne Was Descended ...

Samuel Coleridge Taylor
Coleridge-taylor, Samuel Com Poser, Was Born In London On Aug. 15, 1875, The Son Of A West African Doctor Of Medicine And An English Mother. He Sang In A Church Choir At Croydon, And Studied The Violin And Compo Sition At The Royal College Of Music. His First Important Work ...

Samuel Colman
Colman, Samuel (1832-192o), American Landscape Painter, Was Born At Portland (me.), March 4, 1832. He Was A Pupil Of Ashur B. Durand In New York, And In 186o-62 Studied In Spain, Italy, France, And England. In 1871-76 He Was Again In Europe. In 186o, With James D. Smilie, He Founded ...

Samuel Colt
Colt, Samuel (1814-1862), American Inventor, Was Born On July 19, 1814, At Hartford (conn.) . At 14, From A Boarding School At Amherst (mass.) , He Made A Runaway Voyage To India, During Which (in 1829) He Constructed A Wooden Model, Still Existing, Of What Was To Be The Revolver ...

Samuel Cooper
Cooper, Samuel 0609-1672), English Miniature Paint Er. This Artist Was Undoubtedly The Greatest Painter Of Miniatures Who Ever Lived. He Is Believed To Have Been Born In London, And Was A Nephew Of John Hoskins, The Miniature Painter, By Whom He Was Educated. He Lived In Henrietta St., Covent Garden, ...

Samuel Taylor I Coleridge
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (i English Poet And Philosopher, Was Born On Oct. 21, 1772, At His Father's Vicarage Of Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire. His Father, The Rev. John Coleridge (1719-1 781), Described By The Poet As "a Perfect Parson Adams," Was Known For His Scholarship, Simplicity Of Char Acter, And ...

Sara Coleridge
Coleridge, Sara English Author, The Fourth Child And Only Daughter Of Samuel Taylor Coleridge And His Wife Sarah Fricker Of Bristol, Was Born On Dec. 23, 1802, At Greta Hall, Keswick. Here, After 1803, The Coleridges, Southey And His Wife (mrs. Coleridge's Sister), And Mrs. Lovell (another Sister), Widow Of ...

Schuyler Colfax
Colfax, Schuyler (1823-1885), American Political Leader, Vice-president Of The United States From 1869-73, Was Born In New York City On March 23, 1823. His Father Died Be Fore The Son's Birth, And His Mother Subsequently Married A Mr. Matthews. The Son Attended The Public Schools Of New York Until He ...

Sebastiano Conga
Conga, Sebastiano Italian Painter Of The Florentine School, Was Born At Gaeta, And Studied At Naples Under Francesco Solimena. In 1706, Along With His Brother Gio Vanni, Who Acted As His Assistant, He Settled At Rome, Where For Several Years He Worked In Chalk Only, To Improve His Drawing. He ...

Second Epistle To The
Second Epistle To The Corinthians After The Despatch Of First Corinthians Paul Left Ephesus And Went To Macedonia (acts Xx. I ; 2 Cor. Ii. 13), And There Wrote Second Corinthians, Probably Nearly A Year After The Earlier Epistle. In The Meantime Exciting Events Had Taken Place Which (though We ...

Siege Of Ad Constantinople
Constantinople, Siege Of (a.d. Moham Med Ii., Becoming Sultan Of The Ottoman Empire, In Feb. 1451, Set His Heart On The Capture Of Constantinople. A Pretext Was Found, And A Castle Was At Once Built On The Bosphorus To Secure His Army During The Projected Siege. On June 21, 1452, ...

Signal Signalling Wirelesstelegraph
Signal ; Signalling; Wireless ; Telegraph ; Telephone ; Broadcasting; Heliograph ; Television ; Semaphore ; Morse Code ; Fathometer. ...

Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton
Cotton, Sir Arthur Thomas Eng Lish Engineer, Tenth Son Of Henry Calveley Cotton, Entered The Madras Engineers In 1819, Served In The First Burmese War (1824 26), And In 1828 Began His Life-work On The Irrigation Works Of Southern India. He Constructed Works On The Cauvery, Coleroon, Godavari And Kistna ...

Sir Astley Paston Cooper
Cooper, Sir Astley Paston English Surgeon, Was Born At Brooke, Norfolk, On Aug. 23, 1768, The Son Of A Clergyman. He Studied Under Henry Cline, Surgeon At St. Thomas's Hospital, London, And Attended The Lectures Of John Hunter. He Was Connected With St. Thomas's As Demonstrator In Anatomy (1789-91), Joint ...

Sir Edward Tyas Cook
Cook, Sir Edward Tyas (1857-1919), British Jour Nalist And Author, Was Born At Brighton And Educated At Win Chester And New College, Oxford. Cook Was Connected With The Pall Mall Gazette Under John Morley, And Then Under W. T. Stead, Whom He Succeeded As Editor (189o-92). He Was The First ...

Sir Eyre Coote
Coote, Sir Eyre (1726-1783), British Soldier, The Son Of A Clergyman, Was Born Near Limerick, And Entered The 27th Regiment. He Saw Active Service In The Jacobite Rising Of 1745, And Some Years Later Obtained A Captaincy In The 39th Regiment, Which Was The First British Regiment Sent To India. ...

Sir George Pomeroy Colley
Colley, Sir George Pomeroy British General, Third Son Of George Pomeroy Colley, Of Rath Angan, Co. Kildare, Ireland, Was Born On Nov. 1, 183 5. Entering The 2nd Queen's Regiment In 1852, He Served In South Africa (1854-6o), And In The Anglo-french Expedition To China (186o). In 1870 He Went ...

Sir Henry John Stedman
Cotton, Sir Henry John Stedman (1845 1915), Anglo-indian Administrator, Son Of J. J. Cotton Of The Madras Civil Service, Was Educated At Magdalen College School And King's College, London. He Entered The Bengal Civil Service In 1867, And Became Chief Secretary To The Bengal Government (1891-96), Acting Home Secretary To ...

Sir John Coode
Coode, Sir John (1816-1892), English Engineer, Was Born At Bodmin, Cornwall, On Nov. Ii, 1816, The Son Of A Solicitor. In 1847 He Was Appointed Resident Engineer At The National Har Bour Works At Portland Then In Progress, And I. 1856 Engineer-in Chief, A Post Which He Occupied Till The ...

Sir John Taylor Coleridge
Coleridge, Sir John Taylor Eng Lish Judge, The Second Son Of Captain James Coleridge, And Nephew Of The Poet S. T. Coleridge, Was Born At Tiverton, Devon, And Was Educated At Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Where He Had A Brilliant Career. He Graduated In 1812 And Was Soon After Made ...

Sir Joseph Cook
Cook, Sir Joseph (186o— ), Australian Politician, Was Born At Silverdale, Staffs., And At The Age Of Nine Started Life In A Coal-mine. In 1885 He Went To Australia And, Six Years Later, Entered The New South Wales Legislature, Holding Office As Post Master-general 1894-98 And Minister Of Mines And ...

Sir Marmaduke Constable
Constable, Sir Marmaduke (c. 1455-1518), Eng Lish Soldier, Was Descended From A Certain Robert (d. 1216), Lord Of Flamborough, Who Was Related To The Lacys, Hereditary Con Stables Of Chester, Hence The Surname Of The Family. A Son Of Sir Robert Constable (d. 1488), Marmaduke Was In France With Edward ...

Sir Michael Andrew Agnus
Costa, Sir Michael Andrew Agnus (18o8 1884), Was The Leading Conductor In England And A Notable Figure In The Musical Life Of His Day. Born At Naples, He Settled In London (1830), Conducted The Opera At Her Majesty's From 1832 Till 1846, Then Seceded To The Italian Opera At Covent ...

Sir Richard Powell Cooper
Cooper, Sir Richard Powell, Ist Bart. (1847- 1913), English Agriculturist, Was Born On Sept. 21, 1847. He Became A Member Of The Firm Of Cooper And Nephews, Chemical Manufacturers And Exporters Of Pedigree Live Stock, And Achieved A Great Reputation As A Breeder Of Shorthorn Cattle And Shropshire Sheep. He ...

Sir Robert Bruce Cotton
Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, (1571-1631), English Antiquary, The Founder Of The Cottonian Library, Born At Denton, Huntingdonshire, On Jan. 22 1571, Was A Descendant, As He Delighted To Boast, Of Robert Bruce. He Was Educated At Westminster School Under William Camden The Antiquary, And At Jesus College, Cambridge, Where He ...

Sir Sidney Colvin
Colvin, Sir Sidney (1845-1927), English Literary And Art Critic, Was Born At Norwood, London, On June 18, 1845, And Died On May 11, 1927. He Was Scholar And Then Fellow Of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1873 He Was Elected Slade Professor Of Fine Art At Cambridge; He Was Four Times ...

Sir William Congreve
Congreve, Sir William, Pt ( _art. ,1772-1828), British Artillerist And Inventor, Was Born On May 20, 1772, Being The Eldest Son Of Lieut.-gen. Sir William Congreve (d. 1814), Comp Troller Of The Royal Laboratory At Woolwich, Who Was Made A Baronet In 1812. He Was Educated At Singlewell School, Kent, ...

Sir William Cornwallis
Cornwallis, Sir William British Admiral, Was The Brother Of The Ist Marquess Cornwallis, Gover Nor-general Of India. He Was Born On Feb. 20, 1744, Entered The Navy As A Boy Of 1, And Had Reached Post-rank When He Was 2 2. In 1779 He Commanded The "lion" In The Fleet ...

Spectroscopy Roentgen Ray
Spectroscopy : Roentgen Ray.) By Placing The X-ray Tube Be Fore The Slits In Place Of The Radiator, The Spectrum Of The Primary X-rays Can Be Compared With That Of The Scattered Rays. Fig. 3 Compares The Spectrum Of The Primary X-rays With The Spectrum Of These Rays After They ...

Stapleton Cotton Combermere
Combermere, Stapleton Cotton, 1st Vis Count (1773-1865), British Field-marshal And Colonel Of The 1st Life Guards, Was The Second Son Of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton Of Combermere Abbey, Cheshire, And Was Born On Nov. At Llewenny Hall In Denbighshire. He Was Educated At West Minster School, And When Only 16 ...

Statutory Companies
Statutory Companies There Is Another Large Class Of Companies, Which For Shortness May Be Called Statutory Companies, Constituted By Special Act Of Parliament For The Purpose Of Carrying On Undertakings Of Public Utility, Such As Railways, Canals, Harbours, Docks, Waterworks, Gasworks, Bridges, Ferries Or Tramways. The Objects Of Such Companies ...

Superfamily Heteromera
Superfamily Heteromera Fore- And Middle Tarsi 5-jointed, Hind Tarsi 4-jointed. Larvae Campodeiform, Or More Usually An Intermediate Type. The Heteromera Include 17 Families Whose Members Exhibit Great Diversity Of Form And Habit But All Agree In The Possession Of The Tarsal Char Acters Enumerated Above. The Two Most Important Families ...

Superfamily I Staphylinoidea
Superfamily I. Staphylinoidea Antennae Simple Or Clubbed: Venation Of Hind-wings Without Any Closed Cells, Often Greatly Reduced. Larvae Generally Campo Dei F Orm. The Staphylinidae (fig. 7) Or Rove-beetles Amount To About 13,00o Species, Over Boo Inhabiting The British Isles. They Are Easily Distinguished By The Very Short Elytra Which ...

Superfamily Ii Diversicornia
Superfamily Ii. Diversicornia Antennae Generally Clubbed Or Serrate: Tarsi 1- To 5-jointed But Not Heteromerous. Larvae Very Varied. This Enormous Division Includes A Great Number Of Families And Is To Be Regarded As A Provisional Group, Including All Those Forms Not Belonging To Other Superfam Ilies : Only A Few ...

Superfamily Iv Phytophaga
Superfamily Iv. Phytophaga Plant-feeding Beetles With The Antennae Generally Simple, Less Often Pectinate Or Serrate: Tarsi Apparently 4-jointed, The 4th Joint Minute And Concealed By The 3rd Joint. Larvae Eruciform With Short Or Rudimentary Legs. The Chrysomelidae Or Leaf Beetles (fig. 15) Number About 2o,000 Described Species, Being The Second ...

Superfamily V Rhynchophora
Superfamily V. Rhynchophora Head Generally Produced Into A Beak Or Rostrum: Gular Plate Absent And Repre Sented By A Single Mid-ventral Suture: Tarsi With Four Evident Joints. Larvae Legless And Maggot-like. The Rhynchophora Are A Vast Assem Blage Of Insects Usually Very Easy To Recog Nize And Are All Plant-feeders. ...