CZARTORYSKI, ADAM GEORGE, PRINCE (1770 1861), Polish statesman, was the son of Prince Adam Casimir Czartoryski and Isabella Fleming. After a careful education at home under tutors, one of whom was Dupont de Nemours, he first went abroad in 1786. At Gotha he heard Goethe read his I phi genie auf Tauris, and met Herder and Wieland. In 1789, and again in 1793, he visited England, and made many acquaintances among the English aristocracy and studied the British constitution. In the interval between these visits he fought for his country dur ing the war of the second partition, and would subsequently have served under Kosciuszko also had he not been arrested on his way to Poland at Brussels by the Austrian government. After the third partition the estates of the Czartoryskis were confiscated, and in May 1795 Adam and his younger brother Constantine were summoned to St. Petersburg (Leningrad), and presently ordered to enter the Russian service. Catherine restored part of their estates, and in the beginning of 1796 made them gentlemen in waiting. Adam had already met the grand duke Alexander and the youths at once conceived a strong "intellectual friendship" for each other after the accession of Alexander to the throne. As adjunct of foreign affairs, he had the practical control of Rus sian diplomacy. His first act was to protest energetically against the murder of the duc d'Enghien (March 20, 1804), and insist on an immediate rupture with France. On June 7 the French min ister Hedouville quitted St. Petersburg; and on Aug. II a note dictated by Czartoryski to Alexander was sent to the Russian minister in London, urging the formation of an anti-French coali tion. It was Czartoryski also who framed the Convention of Nov. 6, 1804, whereby Russia agreed to put 115,00o and Austria 235,00o men in the field against Napoleon. Finally, on April II, 1805, he signed an offensive-defensive alliance with England. A memorial written by him in 1805, but otherwise undated, aimed at transforming the whole map of Europe. Austria and Prussia were to divide Germany between them. Russia was to acquire the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora, the Bosporus with Con stantinople, and Corfu. Austria was to have Bosnia, Wallachia and Ragusa. Montenegro, enlarged by Mostar and the Ionian islands, was to form a separate state. England and Russia to gether were to maintain the equilibrium of the world. In return for their acquisitions in Germany, Austria and Prussia were to consent to the arection of an autonomous Polish State extending from Danzig to the sources of the Vistula, under the protection of Russia. But in the meantime Austria had come to an under standing with England as to subsidies, and war had begun.
In 1805 Czartoryski accompanied Alexander both to Berlin and Olmiitz as chief minister. He regarded the Berlin visit as a blun der, chiefly owing to his pi of ound distrust of Prussia; but Alex ander ignored his representations and in February 1807 he lost favour and was superseded by A. E. Budberg, but continued to enjoy Alexander's confidence in private. In 18ro Czartoryski quitted St. Petersburg for ever; but the personal relaticns be tween him and Alexander were never better. The friends met again at Kalisch shortly before the signature of the Russo-Prus sian alliance of Feb. 20, 1813, and Czartoryski was in the em peror's suite at Paris in 1814, and rendered his sovereign material services at the congress of Vienna.
On the erection of the congressional kingdom of Poland Czar toryski contented himself with the title of senator-palatine and a share it, the administration. In 1817 the prince married Anna Sapiezanko, the wedding leading to a duel with his rival Pac. In 1823 he retired to his ancestral castle at Pulawy; but at the Rev olution of 183o he became president of the provisional govern ment, and summoned (Dec. 18, 183o) the diet of 1831. After the termination of Chlopicki's dictatorship he was elected chief of the supreme council by 12I out of 138 votes (Jan. 3o). On Sept. 16 he left the government after sacrificing half his fortune to the national cause. On Aug. 23 he joined Girolano Ramorino's army corps as a volunteer, and subsequently formed a confedera tion of the three southern provinces of Kalisch, Sandomir and Cracow. At the end of the war he emigrated to France, where were spent the last 3o years of his life. He died at Montfermeil, near Meaux, on July 15, 186 r . He left two sons, Witold (18 24 65), and Wladyslaus (1828-94), and a daughter Isabella, who married Jan Dzialynski in 1857.
The principal works of Czartoryski are Essai sur la diplomatic (Marseilles, 183o) ; Life of J. U. Niemcewiez (Pol.) (Paris, 186o) ; Alexander I. et Czartoryski: correspondance ... et conversations (1801-1823) (1865) ; Memoires et correspondance avec Alex. I., with preface by C. de Mazade (1887) ; an English trans. Memoirs of Czartoryski, etc., edited by A. Gielgud, with documents relating to his negotiations with Pitt, and conversations with Palmerston in 1832 (London, 1888) .
See also Bronislaw Zaleski, Life of Adam Czartoryski (Pol.) (Paris, 1881) ; Lubomir Gadon, Prince Adam Czartoryski (Pol.) (Cracow, 1892) ; Ludov:k Debicki, Pulawy, vol. iv. ; Lubomir Gadon, Prince Adam Czartoryski during the Insurrection of November (Pol.) (Cracow, 1900) .