CUSHING, HARVEY (1869— ), American surgeon, fourth in direct line of a family of physicians, was born at Cleve land (0.), on April 8, 1869. He graduated from Yale university in 1891 and from the Harvard medical school in 1895. After four years at Johns Hopkins hospital he studied abroad under Kocher at Berne, and Sherrington at Liverpool. On his return to Baltimore he held various positions in the department of surgery at Johns Hopkins university, becoming associate professor in charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system. He wrote numerous monographs on the surgery of the brain and developed the method of operating with local anaesthesia. His work on the pituitary body (1912) gave him an international reputation. He also made important contributions to the study of blood pressure in surgery, and to the classification of brain tumours. In 1911 he was appointed professor of surgery in the Harvard medical school and surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital in Boston. From 1917-19 he was director of U.S. base hospital No. 5 attached to the B.E.F. in France. In T918 he was made senior consultant in neurological surgery for the A.E.F., and held the rank of colonel in the Medical Corps at the close of the war. He wrote a Life of Sir William Osler (1925) which received the Pulitzer Prize for Biography.