CREMER, SIR WILLIAM RANDAL Eng lish pacifist, was born at Fareham, Wilts., on March 18, 1838, and at 12 years of age went to work in a shipyard. He was then ap prenticed as a carpenter, and was one of the founders of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (186o) . He was secretary of the British section of the First International (see INTERNATIONAL), but resigned owing to dissensions with Robert Applegarth and because the pacifist programme which he advo cated was turned down at the Geneva Conference of 1866. Crem er's first piece of definitely pacifist work was done in when he formed a working men's committee for the advocacy of neutrality in the Franco-German War. This committee developed, after this emergency was past, into the Workmen's Peace Associa tion, of which Cremer was secretary until his death, in London, on July 2 2, 1908. He was M.P. for Haggerston, London, from 1885 to 1895, and from 190o to 1908. He was secretary of the Inter parliamentary Union from 1889 onwards. Cremer received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903. Of the £8,000 awarded he gave £7,00o in trust to the International Arbitration League.
See Howard Evans, Sir Randal Cremer (1911) .