Ahmed Djemal Pasha

DJEMAL PASHA, AHMED (1861-1922), Turkish poli tician, was born at Constantinople on May 1, 1861. He entered the army, and later became a member of the Committee of Union and Progress. He was appointed military governor of Adana (1908), governor-general of Baghdad (i9I I) and commanded a division during the Balkan wars. In 1913 he commanded the I. Army Corps, and was made Minister of Public Works. In 1914 he became Minister of Marine in the same year he took over the II. Army, and was afterwards sent to Syria in command of the IV. Army. Owing to dissensions with Enver Pasha and von Falkenhayn he returned to Constantinople in 1917, where he retained the portfolio of the Marine until the Armistice. On the downfall of the Ministry in Oct. 1918 Djemal, with other members of the Committee of Union and Progress, sought refuge in Ger many and Switzerland. Later he visited Russia, and thence pro ceeded to Afghanistan, where he exercised a powerful influence. He was assassinated at Tiflis on July 22, 1922. Djemal did much to awaken the spirit of nationalism in the Mohammedan countries of central Asia.

His writings include a volume in French, Le Carnet de route du Colonel Djemal Bey, and works in Turkish on Plevna and the Crimean Campaign. Another work, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913-19 (1922) appeared in English and in German.

D LINES,

in spectroscopy (q.v.), the pair of lines, character istic of sodium, in the yellow region of the spectrum. Their separa tion is too small to be detected with a spectroscope of low resolv ing power, hence to Fraunhofer (q.v.) they appeared as a single line. This line was the fourth prominent absorption line in the sun's spectrum, starting from the red end, and he accordingly designated it by the letter D. It was subsequently resolved into two components Di and D2 corresponding to wave-lengths 5895.93 and 5895.97 A.U. (io-8 cm.) respectively. An emission line appear ing in the chromosphere, D, X 5875.62, has since been discovered. This line is due to helium.