Dubbo

DUBBO, a municipal town of Lincoln county, New South Wales, Australia, on the Macquarie river, a flourishing manufac turing town in a pastoral district with coal and copper in the neighbourhood.

DU BELLAY, GUILLAUME, SIEUR DE LANGEY

(1491 , French soldier and diplomat, was born at the château of Glatigny, near Montmirail in 1491, of the Angevin family which gave many soldiers to France. Guillaume, the eldest of six broth ers, was a soldier, humanist, historian, and the most able diplomat at the command of Francis I. He was taken prisoner at Pavia (15 2 5) and shared the captivity of Francis I. He was sent three times to England in 1529-153o, was occupied with the execution of the treaty of Cambrai and also with the question of Henry VIII.'s divorce. With the help of his brother Jean, then bishop of Paris, he obtained a decision favourable to Henry VIII. from the Sorbonne (July 2, 1530) . From 1532 to 1536, though he went three times to England, he was principally employed in uniting the German princes against Charles V. ; in May 1532 he signed the treaty of Scheyern with the dukes of Bavaria, the landgrave of Hesse, and the elector of Saxony, and in Jan. 1534 the treaty of Augsburg. During the war of I 53 7 Francis I. sent him on missions to Piedmont ; he was governor of Turin from Dec. 1537 till the end of 1539, and subsequently replacing Marshal d'Annebaut as gov ernor of the whole of Piedmont, he displayed great capacity in organization. But at the end of 1542, overwhelmed by work, he was compelled to return to France, and died near Lyons on Jan. 9, Rabelais, an eye-witness, has left a moving story of his death (Pantagruel, iii. ch. 21, and iv. ch. 27). Charles V. is said to have remarked that Langey, by his own unaided efforts, did more mischief and thwarted more schemes than all the French together.

Without actually joining the reformers Guillaume du Bellay defended the innovators against their fanatical opponents. In he even tried, unsuccessfully, to bring about a meeting between Francis I. and Melanchthon; and in 1 541 he intervened in favour of the Vaudois. Rabelais was the most famous of his clients, and followed him to Piedmont from 154o to 1542. Guil laume was himself a clear and precise writer. He imitated Livy in his Ogdoades, a history of the rivalry between Francis I. and the emperor from 152i, of which fragments were inserted by his brother Martin du Bellay (d. in his Memoires (1569). The celebrated Instructions, reprinted as Traite de la discipline mili taire in and 1592 and translated into Italian, Spanish and German, are not his (see Bayle, Dict. Hist., i. 502, and Jahns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenscha f ten, i. 498 seq.) .

See also the edition of Martin du Bellay's Memoires by Michaud and Poujoulat (1838), and Bourrilly's Fragments de la premiere Ogdoade (Paris, 1 go5) . There is an excellent study of Guillaume du Bellay by V. L. Bourrilly (Paris, 19o5) .

DU BELLAY, JEAN

(c. 1493-1560), French cardinal and diplomat, younger brother of Guillaume du Bellay, appears as bishop of Bayonne in 1526, member of the privy council in 153o, and bishop of Paris in 1532. He carried out several missions in England (1527-34) and Rome (1534-36)• In 1535 he received his cardinal's hat; in 1536-37 he was nominated "lieutenant general" to the king at Paris and in the Ile de France, and was entrusted with the organization of the defence against the imperial ists. When Guillaume du Bellay went to Piedmont, Jean was put in charge of the negotiations with the German Protestants, prin cipally through the humanist Johann Sturm and the historian Johann Sleidan. In the last years of the reign of Francis I., Car dinal du Bellay was in favour with the duchesse d'Etampes, and received many benefices. Under Henry II., being involved in the disgrace of all the servants of Francis I., he was sent to Rome , and he obtained eight votes in the conclave which fol lowed the death of Pope Paul III. After three quiet years passed in retirement in France (15 , he was charged with a new mission to Pope Julius III. and took with him to Rome his young cousin the poet Joachim du Bellay (q.v.) . In 1555 he was nomi nated bishop of Ostia and dean of the Sacred College. He died at Rome on Feb. 16, 156o. The cardinal had brilliant qualities, was on the side of toleration and protected the reformers. Budaeus was his friend, Rabelais his faithful secretary and doctor; men of letters, like Etienne Dolet, and the poet Salmon Macrin, were indebted to him for assistance. He left three books of graceful Latin poems (printed with Salmon Macrin's Odes, 1546, by R. Estienne), and some other compositions, including Francisci Fran corum regis epistola apologetics (1S42).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.—The Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris has numerous Bibliography.—The Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris has numerous unpublished letters of Jean du Bellay. See also Ribier, Lettres et memoires d'estat (Paris, 1666) ; V. L. Bourrilly and P. de Vaissiere, Ambassade de Jean du Bellay en Angleterre, vol. i. (Paris, 19o5) ; marquis de la Jonquiere, Le Cardinal du Bellay (Alencon, 1887) ; Heulhard, Rabelais, ses voyages en Italie (Paris, 1891) ; Chamard, Joachim du Bellay (Lille, 1900) ; V. L. Bourrilly, Guillaume du Bellay (Paris, 1905) ; "Jean du Bellay, les protestants et la Sorbonne" in the Bulletin du Protestantisme f rancais (19o3, 1904) ; and "Jean Sleidan et le Cardinal du Bellay," in the Bulletin, etc. (Igoe, 1906).

DU BELLAY, JOACHIM

(c. French poet and critic, member of the Pleiade, was born at the château of La Turmeliere, not far from Lire, near Angers, being the son of Jean du Bellay, seigneur de Gonnor, cousin-german of the cardinal Jean du Bellay and of Guillaume du Bellay. Both his parents died while he was still a child, and he was left to the guardianship of his elder brother, Rene du Bellay, who neglected his education, leaving him to run wild at La Turmeliere. When he was 23, how ever, he went to Poitiers to study law, no doubt with a view to obtaining preferment through his kinsman the cardinal. At Poi tiers he came in contact with the humanist Marc Antoine Muret, and with Jean Salmon Macrin (149o-1557), a Latin poet famous in his day. There too he probably met Jacques Peletier, who had published a translation of the Ars poetica of Horace, with a preface in which much of the programme advocated later by the Pleiade is to be found in outline.

It was probably in 1548 that du Bellay met Ronsard in an inn on the way to Poitiers, an event which may justly be regarded as the starting-point of the French school of Renaissance poetry. The two immediately became fast friends. Du Bellay returned with Ronsard to Paris to join the circle of students of the humani ties attached to Jean Daurat (q.v.) at the College de Coqueret. While Ronsard and Antoine de Baif were most influenced by Greek models, du Bellay was more especially a Latinist, and per haps his preference for a language so nearly connected with his own had some part in determining the more national and familiar note of his poetry. In 1548 appeared the Art poetique of Thomas Sibilet, who championed the cause of Clement Marot and his dis ciples, and poured scorn on the sonnet and on newfangled ideas.

The famous manifesto of the Pleiade, the Deffense et illustration de la langue f rancoyse (1549), was at once a complement and a refutation of Sibilet's treatise. This book was the expression of the literary principles of the Pleiade as a whole, but although Ronsard was the chosen leader, its redaction was entrusted to du Bellay. To obtain a clear view of the reforms aimed at by the Plliiade, the Deffense should be further considered in connection with Ronsard's Abrege d'art poetique and his preface to the Fran ciade. Du Bellay maintained that the French language as it was then constituted was too poor to serve as a medium for the higher forms of poetry, but he contended that by proper cultivation it might be brought on a level with the classical tongues. He con demned those who despaired of their mother tongue and used Latin for their more serious and ambitious work. For translations from the ancients he would substitute imitations. Not only were the forms of classical poetry to be imitated, but a separate poetic language and style, distinct from those employed in prose, were to be used. The French language was to be enriched by a develop ment of its internal resources and by discreet borrowing from the Latin and Greek. Both du Bellay and Ronsard laid stress on the necessity of prudence in these borrowings, and both repudiated the charge of wishing to latinize their mother tongue. The book was a spirited defence of poetry and of the possibilities of the French language ; it was also a declaration of war on those writers who held less heroic views.

The violent attacks made by du Bellay on Marot and his fol lowers, and on Sibilet, did not go unanswered. Sibilet replied in the preface to his translation (1549) of the 1 phigenia of Eurip ides; Guillaume des Autels, a Lyonnese poet, reproached du Bel lay with ingratitude to his predecessors, and showed the weakness of his argument for imitation as opposed to translation in a digres sion in his Replique aux furieuses defenses de Louis Meigret (Lyons, 155o) ; Barthelemy Aneau, regent of the College de la Trinite at Lyons, attacked him in his Quintil Horatian (Lyons, 1551), the authorship of which was commonly attributed to Charles Fontaine. Aneau pointed out the obvious inconsistency of inculcating imitation of the ancients and depreciating native poets in a work professing to be a defence of the French language. Du Bellay replied to his various assailants in a preface to the second edition (1 S5o) of his sonnet sequence Olive, with which he also published two polemical poems, the Musagnaeomachie, and an ode addressed to Ronsard, Contre les envieux poetes. Olive, a col lection of love-sonnets written in close imitation of Petrarch, first appeared in 1549. With it were printed 13 odes entitled Vers lyriques. Du Bellay did not actually introduce the sonnet into French poetry, but he acclimatized it.

About this time du Bellay had a serious illness of two years' duration, from which dates the beginning of his deafness. He had further anxieties in the guardianship of his nephew. The boy died in 1553, and Joachim, who had up to this time borne the title of sieur de Lire, became seigneur of Gonnor. In 1549 he had pub lished a Recueil de poesies dedicated to the Princess Marguerite. This was followed in 1552 by a version of the fourth book of the Aeneid, with other translations and some occasional poems. In the next year he went to Rome as one of the secretaries of Cardinal du Bellay. To the beginning of his four and a half years' residence in Italy belong the 47 sonnets of his Antiquites de Rome, which were rendered into English by Edmund Spenser (The Ruins of Rome, 1591). These sonnets were more personal and less imita tive than the Olive sequence, and struck a note which was revived in later French literature by Volney and Chateaubriand. His stay in Rome was, however, a real exile. His duties were those of an intendant. He had to meet the cardinal's creditors and to find money for the expenses of the household. Nevertheless he found many friends among Italian scholars, and formed a close friend ship with another exiled poet whose circumstances were similar to his own, Olivier de Magny. Towards the end of his sojourn in Rome he fell violently in love with a Roman lady called Faustine, who appears in his poetry as Columba and Columbelle. This pas sion finds its clearest expression in the Latin poems. Faustine was guarded by an old and jealous husband, and du Bellay's eventual conquest may have had something to do with his departure for Paris at the end of Aug. 15 5 7. In the next year he published the poems he had brought back with him from Rome, the Latin Poemata, the Antiquites de Rome, the Jeux rustiques, and the 191 sonnets of the Regrets, the greater number of which were written in Italy. The Regrets show that he had advanced far beyond the theories of the Deffense. The simplicity and tenderness specially characteristic of du Bellay appear in the sonnets telling of his un lucky passion for Faustine, and of his nostalgia for the banks of the Loire. Among them are some satirical sonnets describing Roman manners, and the later ones written after his return to Paris are often appeals for patronage. His intimate relations with Ronsard were not renewed ; but he formed a close friendship with the scholar Jean de Morel, whose house was the centre of a learned society. In 1559 du Bellay published at Poitiers La Nouvelle Maniere de faire son profit des lettres, a satirical epistle trans lated from the Latin of Adrien Turnebe, and with it Le Poete courtisan, which introduced the formal satire into French poetry. These were published under the pseudonym of J. Quintil du Trous say, and the courtier-poet was generally supposed to be Melin de Saint-Gelais, with whom du Bellay had always, however, been on friendly terms.

A long and elequent Discours an roi (detailing the duties of a prince, and translated from a Latin original written by Michel d l'Hopital, now lost) was dedicated to Francis II. in 1559, and is said to have secured for the poet a tardy pension. In Paris he was still in the employ of the cardinal, who delegated to him the lay patronage which he still retained in the diocese. In the exer cise of these functions Joachim quarrelled with Eustache du Bellay, bishop of Paris, who prejudiced his relations with the car dinal, less cordial since the publication of the outspoken Regrets. His chief patron, Marguerite de Valois, to whom he was sincerely attached, had gone to Savoy. Du Bellay's health was weak; his deafness seriously hindered his official duties; and ,on Jan. 1, 156o, he died. There is no evidence that he was in priests' orders, but he was a clerk, and as such held various preferments.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.—The best edition of the works of J. du Bellay is Bibliography.—The best edition of the works of J. du Bellay is Oeuvres francaises (2 vols., 1866-6 7) , edited with introduction and notes by C. Marty-Laveaux in his Pleiade francaise. His Oeuvres choisies were published by L. Becq de Fouquieres in 1876. The chief source of his biography is his own poetry, especially the Latin elegy addressed to Jean de Morel, "Elegia ad Janum Morellum Ebredu nensem, Pyladem suum," printed with a volume of Xenia (1569). A study of his life and writings by H. Chamard, forming vol. viii. of the Travaux et memoires de l'universite de Lille (Lille, 1900), contains all the available information and corrects many common errors. See also Sainte-Beuve, Tableau de la poesie francaise au X siecle (1828) ; La Defense et illust. de la langue francaise (19o5), with biographical and critical introduction by Leon Seche, who also wrote Joachim du Bellay, documents nouveaux et inedits (188o), and pub lished in 1903 the first volume of a new edition of the Oeuvres; Lettres de Joachim du Bellay (1884) , edited by P. de Nolhac ; A. Tilley, The Literature of the French Renaissance (2 vols., 19o4) ; H. Belloc, Avril (19o5) G. Wyndham, Ronsard and La Pleiade (1906).