Dubuque

DUBUQUE, a city of Iowa, U.S.A., on the Mississippi river, opposite the boundary line between Wisconsin and Illinois ; a port of entry and the county seat of Dubuque county. It is served by the Burlington, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Milwau kee, St. Paul and Pacific and the Illinois Central railways, and by river steamers and barges. The population in 1925 (State census) was 40,996; in 1930 by the Federal census of that year 41,679. The business section of the city lies on the low lands along the river, but most of the residential districts are on the slopes and tops of bluffs, which command extensive and picturesque views. From Eagle Point park, at the north-eastern edge of the city, are fine vistas of the Mississippi and the surrounding country. Du buque has a large traffic by rail and by water, and is winter quarters for the boats operating on the upper Mississippi. It is the centre of the lead and zinc mines of the State, formerly important, but abandoned since 1918 because of water. There is a great variety of manufacturing industries (1o6 plants, producing 36o commodi ties). The factory output in 1927 was valued at $28,115,254. Bank debits in 1926 amounted to $185,016,000, and the taxable valua tion of property in 1927 was $17,988,057. A city-manager form of government has been in operation since 1920. Dubuque is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and is the seat of Columbia col lege for men, formerly St. Joseph college (established 1873) and Mount St. Joseph college for women (established as an academy in 1843), both Roman Catholic institutions, and of the University of Dubuque (Presbyterian), the outgrowth of a school started in 1852 by a Presbyterian minister, known especially as a German theological seminary from 1864 to i 905, and organized as a uni versity in 192o. Twelve miles south-west of the city is a monas tery of Trappist monks. Dubuque is the oldest town of Iowa, and until after the Civil War was the largest. In 1788 Julien Dubuque (1 7 65-1810) settled here, attracted by the lead deposits, which were crudely worked by the Sac and Fox Indians, and which he mined until his death. In June, 1829, miners from Galena, Ill., at tempted to make a settlement, in direct violation of treaties with the Indians, but were driven away by U.S. troops, under orders from Col. Zachary Taylor. White settlers began to come in imme diately after the Black Hawk War. A town was laid out under authority of an act of Congress (approved July 2, 1836) and in 1841 it was incorporated. By 186o the population was 13,000.

DU CAMP, MAXIME

(1822-1894), French writer, was born in Paris. Between 1844 and 1845, and again, in company with Gustave Flaubert, between 1849 and 1851, he travelled in Europe and the East, and made excellent use of his experiences in books published after his return. In 185i he was one of the founders of the Revue de Paris (suppressed in 1858), and he was a frequent contributor to the Revue des deux mondes. He served as a volunteer with Garibaldi in 186o, and gave a vivid account of his experiences in his Expedition des deux Siciles (1861). Du Camp's Souvenirs litteraires (2 vols., 1882-83) contain much information about contemporary writers, especially Gustave Flaubert, of whom he was an early and intimate friend. Du Camp was one of the earliest amateur photographers, and his many books of travel were among the first photographically illustrated.

DU CANGE, CHARLES DU FRESNE, SIEUR

(1610 1688), one of the lay members of the great 17th century group of French critics and scholars who laid the foundations of modern historical criticism, was born at Amiens on Dec. 18, 161o. He was educated at the Jesuits' college at Amiens, studied law at Orleans, and afterwards went to Paris, where in 1631 he was received as an advocate before the parlement. He had no success at the bar, and soon returned to his native city, where he married and settled. In 1647 he purchased the office of treasurer from his father-in law. Forced to leave Amiens in 1668 in consequence of a plague, he settled in Paris, where he died Oct. 23, 1688. Of his numerous works the most important are the Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis (Paris, 1678), and the Glossarium ad scrip tores mediae et infimae graecitatis (Lyons, 1688), which are indis pensable aids to the student of the history and literature of the middle ages.

Du Cange studied the history of the later Roman empire, and wrote Historia Byzantina duplici commentario illustrate (Paris 168o), and an introduction to his edition and translation into modern French of Geoffrey de Villehardouin's Histoire de l'em pire de Constantinople sous les empereurs f rancais (1657). He also brought out editions (167o and 1686) of the Byzantine his torians, John Cinnamus and John Zonaras. His autograph manu scripts in addition to his large and valuable library passed through the hands of many persons before the French Government secured the greater portion of the manuscripts, which were preserved in the imperial library in Paris. Some of these were subsequently published, and the manuscripts are now found in various libraries.

To the three original volumes of the Latin Glossarium, three supplementary volumes were added by the Benedictines of St. Maur (Paris, 1733-36) , and a further addition of four volumes (1766) by a Benedictine, Pierre Carpentier (169 7-1 767) . There were other edi tions, and an abridgment with some corrections was brought out by J. C. Adelung (Halle, 1772-84) . The edition in seven volumes edited by G. A. L. Henschel (Paris, 1840-5o) includes these supplements and also further additions by the editor, and this has been improved and published in ten volumes by Leopold Favre (Niort, 1883-87). An edition of the Greek Glossarium was published at Breslau in 1889.

See H. Hardouin, Essai sur la vie et sur les ouvrages de Ducange (Amiens, 1849) ; and L. J. Feugere, in the Journal de l'instruction publique (1852).