EBURACUM or EBORACUM (probably a later variant), Roman name of York (q.v.) in England. Established about as fortress of the Ninth legion and garrisoned (after the annihilation of that legion about A.D. 118) by the Sixth legion, it developed outside its walls a town of civil life, which later obtained Roman municipal rank and in the 4th century was the seat of a Christian bishop. The fortress and town were separated by the Ouse. On the left bank, where the minster stands, was the fortress, of which the walls can be partly traced. At the west corner a bastian of the 4th century type (the so-called Multangular Tower) survives, while at the east corner an internal tower of earlier date has been uncovered. The municipality occupied the right bank near the present railway station. The place was im portant for its garrison and as an administrative centre. The name is preserved in the abbreviated form Ebor in the official name of the archbishop of York, but the philological connexion between Eboracum and the modern name York is doubtful and has probably been complicated by Danish influence. (S. N. M.) EcA DE QUEIROZ, JOSE MARIA Por tuguese novelist, was born at Villa do Conde, his father being a retired judge. Entering the consular service in 1872, he went to Havana, and, after a tour in the United States, was transferred two years later to Newcastle-on-Tyne and in 1876 to Bristol. In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris and died there in 1900.
Queiroz in 187o, in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigao, wrote a sensational story, The Mystery of the Cintra Road, but the first publication which brought him fame was The Farpas, a series of satirical and humorous sketches of various phases of social life. At this period French literature and French politics inter ested Queiroz profoundly, while he ignored the belles-lettres of his own country and its public affairs. He founded the Portuguese Realist-Naturalist school, of which he remained for the rest of his life the chief exponent, by a powerful romance, The Crime of Father Amaro, written in 1871 at Leiria but only issued in During a stay in England he produced two masterpieces, Cousin Basil and The Maias, but they show no traces of English influ ence, nor again are they French in tone, for his disillusionment progressed and was completed when he went to Paris and had to live under the regime of the Third Republic. Settling at Neuilly, the novelist became chronicler, critic and letter-writer as well, and in all these capacities Queiroz displayed a spontaneity, power and artistic finish unequalled in the literature of his country since the death of Garrett. Many of his pages descriptive of natural scenery, such for instance as the episode of the return to Tormes in The City and the Mountains, are classic examples of Portu guese prose. He manifested a predilection for middle-class types, but his portrait-gallery comprises men and women of all social conditions.
Queiroz also wrote a number of short stories, some of which have been printed in a volume under the title of Contos. The gems of this remarkable collection are perhaps The Peculiarities of a Fair-haired Girl, A Lyric Poet, Jose Matthias and The Corpse.
One of Queiroz's romances and two of his short stories have been published in English. An unsatisfactory version of Cousin Basil, under the title Dragon's Teeth, appeared at Boston, U.S.A., in 1889, while Sweet Miracle has had three editions in England and one in America, and there is also a translation of 0 De f unto (The Corpse) , under the name of Our Lady of the Pillar. See J. Pereira de Sampais, A Gera4do Nova—Os Novellistas (Oporto, i886), and Senhor Batalha Reis's preface to some prose fragments of Queiroz edited by him and named Prosas Barbaras (Oporto, 1903).