DUHRING, EUGEN KARL (1833-1921), German phi losopher and political economist, was born on Jan. 12, 1833, at Berlin, and died on Sept. 21, 1921. After a legal education he practised at Berlin as a lawyer till 1859. A weakness of the eyes, ending in total blindness, occasioned his taking up the studies with which his name is now connected. In 1864 he became docent of the university of Berlin, but, in consequence of a quarrel with the professoriate, was deprived of his licence to teach in 1874. Among his works are Kapital and Arbeit (1865); Der Wert des Lebens (1865) ; Natiirliche Dialektik (1865) ; Kritische Ge schichte der Philosophie (1869) ; Kritische Geschichte der allge meinen Principien der Mechanik (1872)—one of his most suc cessful works ; Kursus der National- and Sozialokonomie (1873) ; Der Ersatz der Religion durch Volkommeneres (1883) . He pub lished his autobiography in 1882 under the title Sache, Leben and Feinde. Di.ihring's philosophy claims to be emphatically the phi losophy of reality. He is passionate in his denunciation of every thing which, like mysticism, tries to veil reality. He is almost Lucretian in his anger against religion which would withdraw the secret of the universe from our direct gaze. His "substitute for religion" is a doctrine in many points akin to Comte and Feuerbach, the former of whom he resembles in his sentimental ism. Daring's opinions changed considerably after his first ap pearance as a writer. His earlier work, Natiirliche Dialektik, in form and matter not the worst of his writings, is entirely in the spirit of the Critical Philosophy. Later, in his movement towards Positivism, he strongly repudiates Kant's separation of phenome non from noumenon, and affirms that our intellect is capable of grasping the whole reality. In political philosophy Diihring teaches an ethical communism and . attacks the Darwinian prin ciple of struggle for existence. In economics he is best known by his vindication of the American writer H. C. Carey, who at tracts him both by his theory of value, which suggests an ulti mate harmony of the interests of capitalist and labourer, and also by his doctrine of "national" political economy, which advo cates protection on the ground that the morals and culture of a people are promoted by having its whole system of industry com pleted within its own borders. His patriotism is fervent, but nar row and exclusive. He idolized Frederick the Great and de nounced Jews, Greeks, and the cosmopolitan Goethe, See H. Druskowitz, Eugen Diihring (Heidelberg, i888) ; E. Doll, Eugen Diihring (Leipzig, 1892) ; F. Engels, Eugen D.'s Umwalzung der W issenscha f t (Eng. trans. by E. Aveling, 1892, reprinted 1925) ; H. Vaihinger, Hartmann, Diihring and Lange (1876).