EUGENIUS IV. (Gabriel Condulmieri or Coldumario), pope March 3, 1431 to Feb. 23, was born at Venice. He entered the Celestine order, and his uncle, Gregory XII., ap pointed him bishop of Siena, papal treasurer, protonotary, car dinal-priest of S. Marco e St. Clemente, and later cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere. The most important feature of Eugenius's pontificate was the struggle between pope and council. In July 1431 his legate opened the council of Basle but, distrust ful of its purposes and moved by the small attendance, the pope issued a bull in Dec. 1431, dissolving the council. The council refused to dissolve, renewed the revolutionary resolutions by which the council of Constance had been declared superior to the pope, and cited Eugenius to appear at Basle. A compromise was arranged by Sigismund, by which the pope recalled the bull of dissolution, and, reserving the rights of the Holy See, acknow ledged the council as oecumenical (Dec. . The struggle with the council broke out anew. Eugenius at length convened a rival council at Ferrara on Jan. 8, 1438 and excommunicated the prelates assembled at Basel. The latter then formally deposed him as a heretic, and in Nov. 1439 elected Amadeus VIII., duke of Savoy, antipope under the title of Felix V. The conduct of France and Germany seemed to warrant this action, for Charles VII. had introduced the decrees of the council of Basel, with slight changes, into the former country through the pragmatic sanction of Bourges (July 7, 1438), and the diet of Mainz had deprived the pope of most of his rights in the latter country (March 26, . At Florence, whither the council of Ferrara had been transferred, a temporary union with the Greeks was effected in July 1439. Eugenius signed an agreement with the Armenians on Nov. 22, and with a part of the Jacobites in ; and in 1445 he received the Nestorians and Maronites. He tried to stem the Turkish advance, pledging cne-fifth of the papal income to the unfortunate crusade of 1443. Meanwhile the adviser of his rival, Felix V., made peace with him in 1442. The pope's recognition of the claims to Naples of King Alphonso of Aragon withdrew the last important support from the council of Basle, and enabled him to enter Rome in Sept. 1443, after an exile of nearly ten years. His victory over the council and his efforts in behalf of church unity contributed greatly to break down the conciliar movement and restore the papacy to the position it had held before the Great Schism. Eugenius laboured to reform the monastic orders, and was a devotee of art and learning. He died on Feb. See L. Pastor, Hist. of the Popes, vol. 1, trans. by F. I. Antrobus (1899) ; M. Creighton, Hist. of the Papacy, vol. 3 (1899) ; F. Greg orovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 7, trans. by G. W. Hamilton (1900-02) ; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, Bd. 7, 2nd ed.; H. H. Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 8 (1896) ; G. Voigt, Aus den Annaten-Registern der Piipste Eugen IV., Pius II., Paul II. u. Sixtus IV., ed. by K. Hayn (Cologne, 1896) .