FAGUET, EMILE (1847-1916), French critic and man of letters, was born at La Roche sur Yon. He was educated at the Normal school in Paris, and after teaching for some time in La Rochelle and Bordeaux he came to Paris. After acting as assistant professor of poetry in the university he became professor in 1897. He was elected to the academy in 190o, and received the ribbon of the Legion of Honour in the next year. He acted as dramatic critic to the Soleil; from 1892 he was literary critic to the Revue bleue, and in 1896 took the place of M. Jules Lemaitre on the Journal des debats. Among his works are monographs on Flau bert (1899) , Andre Chenier (19o2), Zola (19o3) , Balzac (1913), Mgr. Dupanloup (1914), etc.; an admirably concise Histoire de la Litterature franchise depuis le XVIIe siecle jusqu'a nos fours; series of literary studies on the 17th, 18th and 19th cen turies; Questions politiques (1899) ; Propos litteraires (3 series, 1902-05) ; Le Liberalisme (1902) ; L'Anticlericalisme (1906) ; Le Paceficisme (1908) ; and several works on Rousseau (between 1910 and 1912) . He died in Paris on June 7, 1916.
O. A.D.
Chinese Buddhist monk, pilgrim traveller and writer, author of one of the earliest and most valu able Chinese accounts of India. He started from Changgan or Si gan-fu, then the capital of the Tsin empire and, passing the Great Wall, crossed the "River of Sand" or Gobi Desert beyond, that home of "evil demons and hot winds," which he vividly describes —where the only way-marks were the bones of the dead, where no bird appeared in the air above, no animal on the ground below. Arriving at Khotan, the traveller witnessed a great Buddhist fes tival; here, as in Yarkand, Afghanistan and other parts thoroughly Islamized before the close of the middle ages, Fa-Hien shows us Buddhism still prevailing. India was reached by a perilous descent of "ten thousand cubits," from the "wall-like hills" of the Hindu Kush into the Indus valley (about A.D. 402) ; and the pilgrim passed the next ten years in the "central" Buddhist realm—making journeys to Peshawur and Afghanistan (especially the Kabul region) on one side, and to the Ganges valley on another. His especial con cern was the exploration of the scenes of Buddha's life, the copying of Buddhist texts, and converse with the Buddhist monks and sages whom the Brahman reaction had not yet driven out. Thus we find him at Buddha's birthplace on the Kohana, north-west of Benares; in Patna and on the Vulture Peak near Patna; at the Jetvana monastery in Oudh; as well as at Muttra on the Jumna, at Kanauj, and at Tamluk near the mouth of the Hugli. Later the narrative, which in its earlier portions was primarily historical and geo graphical, abandons records of fact for theology. From the Ganges delta Fa-Hien sailed with a merchant ship, in fourteen days, to Ceylon, where he transcribed all the sacred books, as yet un known in China, which he could find; witnessed the festival of the exhibition of Buddha's tooth; and remarked the trade of Arab merchants to the island, two centuries before Moham med.
Fa-Hien's work is valuable evidence of the strength of Buddhism in central Asia and in India at the time of the collapse of the Roman empire in western Europe. His record is careful and ac curate, and most of his positions can be identified.
See James Legge, Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, being an account by the Chinese Monk Fahien of his travels in India and Ceylon; translated and edited, with map, etc. (Oxford, 1886) ; S. Beal, Travels of Fah-Hian and Sung-Yun, Buddhist pilgrims from China to India, A.D. 400 and 518, translated with map, etc. (1869) ; C. R. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, vol. i., pp.
(1897). The travels of Fa-hsien, retranslated by H. A. Giles (1923) .
Swedish author, was born at Stora Tuna and studied at Uppsala, where he became tutor in Arabic in 1821, and professor of ori ental languages in 1825. He then entered the Church, and in 1849 became bishop of Vesteras. He died on Aug. 6, 1866. His works include: Noachs Ark (2 parts, 1825 and 1826), a satire on the political and social life of his time; Ansgarius
an epic in I I parts; and Rom f orr och nu (5 vols., 1858-61), a polemical work directed against the Jesuits.
