FLUGEL, OTTO (1842-1921), German philosopher, was born on June 16, 1842, at Liitzen, and educated at Schulpforta and Halle. He became pastor at Wansleben, near Halle. While in his theological speculations Fliigel finds a place for revelation, in his philosophy he is a strong Herbartian and opponent of monism. With Allihn, he edited for a time the Zeitsch. fur exacte Phil. im Sinne des neneren philosophischen Realismus, and later edited Herbart's collected works. He died on July 9, 1921, at Dolau. His chief publications are: Der Materialismus (1865) ; Das Wunder and die Erkennbarkeit Gottes (1869) ; Die Probleme der Philosophie and ihre Losungen (1876; 4th ed., 1906) ; Die Seelenfrage (1878; 3rd ed., 1902); Die spekulative Theologie der Gegenwart 2nd ed., 1888) ; Das Ich and die sittliche Idee im Leben der Volker (1885; 5th ed., 1912); Das Seelenleben der Tiere (3rd ed., 1897) ; F. Herbart als Philosopher (1905); Monismus and Theologie (1908).