FREMY, EDMOND (1814-1894), French chemist, was born at Versailles on Feb. 28, 1814. He entered Gay-Lussac's laboratory in 1831, and became preparateur at the t cole Poly technique in 1834 and at the College de France in 1837; he was repetiteur at the tcole Polytechnique, where in 1846 he became professor. In 1850 he succeeded Gay-Lussac in the chair of chemistry at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, of which he was director, in succession to M. E. Chevreul, from 1879 to 1891. He died at Paris on Feb. 3, 1894. His work included investiga tions of osmic acid, of the ferrates, stannates, plumbates, etc., and of ozone, attempts to obtain free fluorine by the electrolysis of fused fluorides, and the discovery of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and of a series of acides sulphazotes, the precise nature of which long remained a matter of discussion. He also studied the colouring matters of leaves and flowers, the composition of bone, cerebral matter and other animal substances, and the processes of fermentation, in regard to the nature of which he was an oppo nent of Pasteur's views. In the field of technical chemistry he contributed to our knowledge of the manufacture of iron and steel, sulphuric acid, glass and paper, and in particular worked at the saponification of fats with sulphuric acid and the utilization of palmitic acid for candle-making. In the later years of his life he applied himself to the problem of obtaining alumina in the crys talline form, and succeeded in making rubies identical with the natural gem not merely in chemical composition but also in phys ical properties. He wrote a Traite de chirwie generale in 6 vols.