FORT SMITH, a city on the western border of Arkansas, U.S.A., in the foothills of the Ozarks, on the south bank of the Arkansas river, at the mouth of the Poteau; the county seat of Sebastian county. It is at the intersection of Federal highways 64 and 71, and is served by the Fort Smith and Western, the Frisco, the Kansas City Southern, the Midland Valley, and the Missouri Pacific railways. A toll-free concrete bridge crosses the Arkansas to Oklahoma. The population was 28,87o in 1920 (85% native white) and was 31,429 in 1930 by the Federal census. Fort Smith is the business centre of a fine agricultural country, and of the Arkansas coal and gas region. The agricultural products of the four counties which touch its borders (two in Arkansas and two in Oklahoma) have an annual value of $50,000,000. The city compresses ioo,000 bales of cotton annually, and has large road shops, furniture and glass factories, and numerous other manufacturing industries. The factory output within the city limits in 1927 was valued at $14,414,364. The wholesale houses do an annual business of $55,000,000; retail trade amounts to $26,000,000; and debits to individual accounts in the local ing institutions in 1927 totalled $169,768,042. The public schools have an unusual endowment—the proceeds of lands formerly longing to the military reservation, which were given to the city by Congress in 1884. There is a national cemetery here, ing 2,575 graves. The site of Fort Smith was known to the early French traders as Belle Pointe. A United States army post was established here in '8'7; and the town was laid out in 1821, incorporated in 1842 and chartered as a city in 1845. It was at the head of navigation on the Arkansas, and the fort was the chief supply depot for the western posts. During the Civil War Fort Smith was strongly in sympathy with the Confederacy. The fort was seized by State troops in April 1861, and was reoccupied by Union forces in Sept. 1863. There was siderable unrest due to border ing" throughout the war, and several mishes took place here in 1864. The first railroad reached Fort Smith in 1876, and in the decade 1880-90 the population rose from 3,099 to 11,311. The old fort, part of which still stands, was abandoned in 1871. FORTUNA (FORTUNE), an Italian goddess of great antiquity, but apparently not native at Rome, where, according to universal Roman tradition, she was duced by the king Servius Tullius as Fors Fortuna, and established in a temple on the Etruscan side of the Tiber outside the city, and also under other titles in other shrines. In Latium she had two famous places of worship, one at Praeneste, where there was an oracle of Fortuna priinigenia ("original") frequented especially by women who, as we may suppose, desired to know the fortunes of their children or their own fortune in child-birth ; the other at Antium, well known from Horace's ode (i. 35). It is highly probable that Fortuna was never a deity of the abstract idea of chance, but represented the hopes and fears of men and espe cially of women at different stages of their life and experience; thus we find her worshipped as time went on under numerous cult-titles, such as muliebris, virilis, huiusce diei, equestris, redux, etc., which connected her supposed powers with individuals, groups of individuals, or particular occasions. Gradually she became more or less closely identified with the Gr. T(An, and was represented on coins, etc., with a cornucopia as the giver of prosperity, a rudder as the controller of destinies, and with a wheel, or standing on a ball, to indicate the uncertainty of fortune. In this semi-Greek form she came to be worshipped over the whole empire, and Pliny (N.H. ii. 22 ) declares that in his day she was invoked in all places and every hour. She even became identified with Isis, and as Panthea was supposed to com bine the attributes of all other deities.
The best account of this difficult subject is to be found in Roscher's Lexikon (s.v.) ; see also Wissowa, Religion and Kultus der Romer, p. 256 foll.; W. Warde Fowler, Roman Essays (1920) p. 64 foil. (W. W. F.)