FRANCIS V. (1819-1875), duke of Modena, son of Francis IV., succeeded his father in 1846. His reign began with dis turbances at Fivizzano and Pontremoli, which Tuscany surren dered to him according to treaty but against the wishes of the inhabitants (1847), and also at Massa and Carrara, where the troops shot down the people. The duke asked for and obtained an Austrian garrison, but on the outbreak of revolution throughout Italy and at Vienna in 1848, he fled with his family to Mantua. A provisional government was formed, and volunteers were raised who fought with the Piedmontese against Austria. After the Pied montese defeat Francis returned to Modena, with Austrian assis tance, in August and conferred many appointments on Austrian officers. The disturbances at Carrara were ruthlessly suppressed, and the prisons filled with "politicals." In 1859 numbers of young Modenese fled across the frontier to join the Piedmontese army, as war with Austria seemed imminent ; and after the Austrian de feat at Magenta the duke left Modena to lead his army in person against the Piedmontese. The events of 1859-1860 made his re turn impossible ; and after a short spell of provisional government the duchy was united to Italy. He retired to Austria, and died at Munich in November 1875.