GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. KaXXiiroXts ), a seaport and city of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Adrianople; at the north-western extremity of the Dardanelles, on a narrow penin sula 132 m. W.S.W. of Constantinople, and 90 m. S. of Adrianople, in 4o° 24' N. and 26° 4o' 3o" E. Pop. (1905) about 25,000. Nearly opposite is Lapsaki on the Asiatic side of the channel, which is here about 2 m. wide. Gallipoli is still largely in ruins as a result of bombardment during the war of 1914-1918. There are several mosques, none of them remarkable, and many interesting Roman and Byzantine remains, especially a magazine of the emperor Justinian (483-565), a square castle and tower attributed to Bayezid I. (1389-1403), and some tumuli on the south, popularly called the tombs of the Thracian kings. It has two good harbours. From its position as the key of the Dardanelles, it was occupied by the allied French and British armies in 1854. Then the isthmus a few miles north of the town, between it and Bulair, was fortified with strong earthworks by English and French engineers, mainly on the lines of the old works constructed in 1357. These fortifica tions were renewed and enlarged in January 1878, on the Russians threatening to take possession of Constantinople. The peninsula thus isolated by the fortified positions has the Gulf of Saros on the N.W., and extends some so m. S.W. The guns of Gallipoli com manded the Dardanelles just before the strait joins the Sea of Marmora.
The district (sanjak) of Gallipoli is exceedingly fertile and well adapted for agriculture. It has about I oo,000 inhabitants, and comprises four kazas (cantons), namely (I) Maidos; (2) Keshan, lying inland north of Gallipoli, near which are lignite mines ; (3 ) Myriofyto; and (4) Sharkeui (Peristeri) on the coast of the Sea of Marmora. Copper ore and petroleum are worked at Sharkeui, and the neighbourhood formerly produced wine that was highly esteemed and largely exported to France for blending. The line of railway between Adrianople and the Aegean Sea has been preju dicial to the transit trade of Gallipoli. Steamers to and from Con stantinople call regularly. In 1904 the total value of the exports was L80,000. Live stock, principally sheep, pass through Gallipoli in transit to Constantinople and Smyrna.
For an account of the Gallipoli campaign in the World War, see DARDANELLES CAMPAIGN.