Galaxy
Galaxy, Properly The Milky Way, From The Greek Name Yaxaeias, Sc. Kukx0s, From 'yhxa, Milk, Cf. The Lat. Via Lactea. The Word Is More Generally Employed In Its Figurative Or Trans Ferred Sense, To Describe A Gathering Of Brilliant Or Distinguished Persons Or Objects. The Galactic Plane, Or Plane Of ...
Galbanum
Galbanum, A Gum-resin, The Product Of Ferula Galbaniflua, Indigenous To Persia. It Occurs Usually In Irregular, More Or Less Translucent And Shining Lumps, Or Occasionally In Separate Tears, Of A Light-brown, Yellowish Or Greenish-yellow Colour, And Has A Bitter Taste, A Musky Odour, And A Specific Gravity Of 1.212. It ...
Gale I
Gale. I. A Wind Of Considerable Power, Appreciably Stronger Than A Breeze, But Not Severe Enough To Be Called A Storm. In Nautical Language It Is Usually Combined With Some Qualifying Word, As "half A Gale," A "stiff Gale." In Poetical And Figurative Language "gale" Is Often Used In A ...
Galen
Galen (c. A.d. 130—c. 200), I Greek Physician, Was Born In Pergamum (q.v.), The Capital Of Mysia In Asia Minor, A City Re Nowned For Its Magnificent Library, The Creation Of The Attalid Kings. He Is Sometimes Wrongly Spoken Of As Claudius Galen, But The Cognomen Claudius Has No Authenticity ...
Galena
Galena, A City Near The North-west Corner Of Illinois, U.s.a., On The Galena River, 4m. From The Mississippi; The County Seat Of Jo Daviess County. It Is On Federal Highway 20, And Is Served By The Burlington, The Chicago And North Western, And The Illinois Central Railways. The Population Was ...
Galena_2
Galena, A City Of Cherokee County, Kansas, U.s.a., In The South-eastern Corner Of The State, On Short Creek, Near Spring River. It Is On Federal Highway 73e, And Is Served By The Frisco And The Missouri-kansas-texas Railways. The Population In 1930 Federal Census Was 4,736. It Is In The Midst ...
Galena_3
Galena, Lead Sulphide (pbs), The Chief Ore Of Lead. The Mineral Was Mentioned By Pliny Under This Name, And It Is Some Times Now Known As Lead-glance (ger. Bleiglanz). It Crystallizes In The Cubic System, And Well-developed Crystals Are Of Common Occurrence; The Usual Form Is The Cube Or The ...
Galeopithecus
Galeopithecus And Galeopterus, The Scientific Names Of The Two Species Of Colugo (q.v.) Or Cobego, Commonly Known As Flying-lemurs And Alone Representing The Family Gale Opteridae Of The Insectivora (q.v.). The Characters Of The Family Are As Follows : Herbivorous, Climbing, Unguiculate Mammals, Provided With A Very Extensive Flying-membrane, And ...
Galesburg
Galesburg, A City Of Western Illinois, U.s.a., 163m. S.w. Of Chicago; The County Seat Of Knox County. It Is On Federal Highways 34 And 124, Has A Municipal Airport, And Is Served By The Burlington, The Rock Island, And The Santa Fe Railways. The Population Was 23,834 In 1920 (84% ...
Galicia
Galicia. Galicia Is The Name Applied To That Portion Of Poland Lying On The Northern Slopes Of The Carpathians, Which Con Stituted An Austrian Kronland Between The Years 1772 And 1918. The Area Was Then 30,299 Sq.m., The Population (1910) 7,980,477. Of These, 4,672,50o Were Given As Poles, 3,208,092 As ...
Galicia_2
Galicia (the Ancient Gallaecia Or Callaecia, Kaxxauda Or Kaxaucla), A Captaincy-general, And Formerly A Kingdom, Count Ship And Province, In The North-western Angle Of Spain ; Bounded On The North By The Bay Of Biscay, East By Leon And Asturias, South By Portugal And West By The Atlantic Ocean. Pop. ...
Galilee
Galilee, A Roman Province Of Palestine, Bounded On The South By Samaria And Carmel, On The East By Jordan, On The North By The River Leontes (litani), And On The West By The Mediterranean. It Has A Maximum Length Of 6o M. And A Breadth Of 3o. Galilee Represents A ...
Galilee_2
Galilee, An Architectural Term Used Of A Certain Kind Of Porch (q.v.) Or Chapel. ...
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian Astronomer And Experimental Philosopher, Was Born At Pisa On Feb. 15, 1564. He Came Of A Noble But Impoverished Florentine Family; His Father Vincenzio Galilei Was A Competent Mathematician And An Able Musician. Galileo Received His Early Education At The Monastery Of Vallombrosa, Near Florence. Here ...
Galion
Galion, A City Of Crawford County, 0., U.s.a., 75m. S.w. Of Cleveland, At An Altitude Of 1,165 Feet. It Is On Federal High Way 3o And Is Served By The Big Four And The Erie Railways And By Electric Inter-urban Lines. The Population Was 7,374 In 1920 And 7,674 In ...
Galium
Galium, A Genus Of Plants Of The Madder Family (rubi Aceae), Comprising 25o Species Of World-wide Distribution, Mostly Slender Herbs. Of These, Io Species Are Found In Great Britain And About 6o In North America. Well-known Examples Are G. Aparine (cleavers, Goose-grass), G. Boreale (northern Bedstraw), G. Verum (lady's Bedstraw) ...
Gall
Gall, The Secretion Of The Liver Known As "bile," The Term Being Also Used Of The Pear-shaped Diverticulum Of The Bile-duct, Which Forms A Reservoir For The Bile, More Generally Known As The "gall-bladder" (see Liver). From The Extreme Bitterness Of The Secretion, "gall," Like The Lat. Fel, Is Used ...
Gallabat Or Galabat
Gallabat Or Galabat, Called By The Abyssinians Ma Temma, A Town Of The Anglo-egyptian Sudan, In 13° N 12' E. It Is Built At The Foot Of A Steep Slope, On The Left Bank Of A Tributary Of The Atbara. Gallabat Lies 90 M. W. By N. Of Gondar, The ...
Gallarate
Gallarate, A Town Of Lombardy, Italy, In The Province Of Varese, 25 M. N.w. Of Milan By Rail. Pop. (1931), 13,888 (town), 23,677 (commune). The Town Is Of Mediaeval Origin. It Is Remarkable For Its Textile Factories. Nearly A Tenth Of All Italian Looms Are To Be Found In And ...
Galle Or Point De
Galle Or Point De Galle, A Town And Port Of Ceylon On The South-west Coast. Galle Is Hardly Noticed In The Native Chron Icles Before 1267, And Ibn Batuta, In The Middle Of The 14th Cen Tury, Distinctly States That Kali—that Is, Galle—was A Small Town. It Was Not Till ...
Galleon
Galleon, The Name Formerly Given To Large Ships Of War Used By The Spaniards, Having Three Or Four Decks Armed With Bat Teries. The Name Was In Later Times Applied To Spanish Merchant Vessels. ...
Galley
Galley, A Long Single Or Half-decked Vessel Of War, With Low Free-board, Propelled Primarily By Oars Or Sweeps, But Also Having Masts For Sails. The Word Is Used Generally To Refer To The Ancient War Vessels Of Greece And Rome Of Various Types, Whose Chief Propelling Power Was The Oar ...
Gallia Cisalpina
Gallia Cisalpina, That Portion Of Northern Italy North Of Liguria And Umbria And South Of The Alps Which Was Inhabited By Various Celtic And Other Peoples, Of Whom The Celts Were In Continual Hostility To Rome And Rendered Assistance To Hannibal. In Early Times It Was Bounded On The South ...
Galliard
Galliard. An Old Dance Tune Of Lively Character, Char Acteristic Of And 17th Century Music, Forming A Contrast To The Stately Pavan Which Generally Preceded It. ...
Gallic Acid
Gallic Acid, The Acidum Gallicum Of Pharmacy, Was Dis Covered By K. W. Scheele. It Occurs In Sumach, Dividivi, Chinese Tea, Pomegranate, Root-bark And Gall-nuts, Being Present In The Last Of These To The Extent Of 3%. A Paste Of Powdered Gall-nuts And Water Is Allowed To Remain Exposed To ...
Gallicanism
Gallicanism, A Name For Various Theories Maintaining That Both The Church And The State In France Had Ecclesiastical Rights Of Their Own, Independent And Exclusive Of The Jurisdiction Of The Pope. These Theories Were Developed In Opposition To Ultra Montanism (q.v.). As Regards The Church, It Was Held That Infalli ...
Galliformes
Galliformes, An Order Of Birds, Comprising The Game Birds (see Ornithology, Pheasant, Partridge, Grouse, Fowl, Peacock, Etc.) . ...
Gallinule
Gallinule, The Name Applied To Several Aquatic Birds Of The Family Rallidae, Especially To Two North American Species, The Purple Gallinule (lonornis Martinicus), Which Ranges Over Tropical And Sub-tropical America North To Illinois And South Carolina; And The Florida Gallinule (gallinula Galeata), Which Breeds North To Maine, Quebec And Central ...
Gallipoli
Gallipoli (anc. Callipolis), Seaport Town And Episcopal See Of Apulia, Italy, Province Of Lecce, 31 M. S. By W. Of Lecce By Rail, 46 Ft. Above Sea-level. Pop. Town, 8,302; Commune, 12,212. It Is Situated On A Rocky Island In The Gulf Of Taranto But Is United To The Mainland ...
Gallipolis
Gallipolis, A City Of Southern Ohio, U.s.a., On The Ohio River, Loom. S.e. Of Columbus; The County Seat Of Gallia County. It Is Served By The Hocking Valley, The New York Cen Tral, And (at Gallipolis, West Virginia) The Baltimore And Ohio Railways And By River Steamers. The Population Was ...
Gallipoli_2
Gallipoli (turk. Gelibolu, Anc. Kaxxiiroxts ), A Seaport And City Of European Turkey, In The Vilayet Of Adrianople; At The North-western Extremity Of The Dardanelles, On A Narrow Penin Sula 132 M. W.s.w. Of Constantinople, And 90 M. S. Of Adrianople, In 4o° 24' N. And 26° 4o' 3o" E. ...
Gallium
Gallium, A Metallic Element Of Steel-grey Colour Melting At 30.15° C And Boiling At About C. Owing To These Proper Ties It Has Been Recommended As A Thermometer Liquid For High Temperatures (s. Boyer, 1926). Gallium (symbol Ga, Atomic Number 31, Atomic Weight 69.9), Contracts On Melting—the Spe Cific Gravity ...
Gallon
Gallon, An English Measure Of Capacity, Usually Of Liquids, But Also Used As A Dry Measure For Corn. A Gallon Contains Four Quarts. The Word Was Adapted From An O.nor.fr. Galon, Cen Tral Fr. Jalon And Was Latinized As Galo And Galona. It Appears To Be Connected With The Modern ...
Galloway
Galloway, A District In South-west Scotland, Comprising The Counties Of Kirkcudbright And Wigtown. It Was The Novantia Of The Romans, And Till The End Of The 12th Century Included Carrick, Now The Southern Division Of Ayrshire. Though The Designation Has Not Been Adopted Civilly, Its Use Historically And Locally Has ...
Galls
Galls. This Term May Be Applied To Any Excrescences Caused In Plants Or Animals By The Action Of Living Animals, Usually Insects. In Animals, Galls May Be Produced Under The Skin Of Mammals Or Birds By Acarids Or By Dipterous Insects. The Term, However, Is Mostly Confined To Vegetable Excrescences ...
Gallup
Gallup, A Town Of North-western New Mexico, U.s.a., On The Main Line Of The Santa Fe, And On Federal Highways 66 And 666; The County Seat Of Mckinley County. It Has A Municipal Airport, Moses Field. The Population Was 3,92o In 192o, And Was In 1930 By The Federal Census. ...
Galop
Galop, A Spirited Dance Of German Origin In 2-4 Time. It Was Introduced Into Paris In 1829 And Subsequently Became A Favourite Dance Of The Victorian Era. ...
Galosh
Galosh. The Galosh Or Golosh Was Originally A Wooden Shoe Or Clog, But Later Came To Mean An Overshoe (cf. R. Holme, Armoury, 1688: "galloshios Are False Shooes, Or Covers For Shooes"). The Word Is Adapted From The French Galoche, From Low Lat. Galopedium, A Wooden Shoe. ...
Galston
Galston, Police Burgh, Parish And Manufacturing Town, Ayrshire, Scotland. Pop. (1931) 4,6o1. It Is Situated On The Irvine, 5 M. E. By S. Of Kilmarnock, With A Station On The L.m.s.r. The Manufactures Include Weaving And Lace And Hosiery Making, And Coal Is Worked In The Vicinity. ...
Galvanized Iron And Steel
Galvanized Iron And Steel. Of All The Meth Ods Which Have Been Adopted To Coat The Surface Of Iron And Steel To Offer Resistance To Corrosion The Applying Of A Coat Of Zinc, Al Though A Very Old Device, Seems Up To The Present To Be The Most Effective. There ...
Galvanized Wire
Galvanized Wire: See Wire ; Wire Manufactures. Galvanometer. An Instrument For Measuring A Gal Vanic (electric) Current. See Instruments, Electrical. ...
Galveston And Brazos Canal
Galveston And Brazos Canal, In The United States, Connects Galveston, Texas, And Brazos River, Texas, And Opens Inland Navigation 15o M. For Vessels Requiring 4 F T. Draught Of Water. It Is 38 M. Long And Cost About $5oo,000. ...
Galveston
Galveston, A City Of South-eastern Texas, U.s.a., On The Gulf Of Mexico ; A Port Of Entry A,pd Headquarters Of A Customs District, The County Seat Of Galveston County, The Leading Cotton Shipping Port In The United States, And One Of The Leading Ex Porters Of Wheat. It Occupies 8 ...
Galway
Galway, A County In The West Of Ireland, In The Province Of Connaught, Bounded North By Mayo And Roscommon ; East By Roscommon, Offaly County And Tipperary; South By Clare And Galway Bay ; And West By The Atlantic Ocean. With An Area Of 1,467,850 Ac., The County Is Second ...
Galway_2
Galway, A Seaport And County Town Of Co. Galway, Ire Land, On The North Shore Of Galway Bay, And On The Great Southern Railway. Pop. Of Urban District (1926), 13,255. After The Building Of Its Walls (c. 127o) It Developed Commercially. Richard Ii.'s Charter Of Incorporation, Confirmed By Henry Iv., ...
Gamaliel
Gamaliel. This Name, Which In Old Testament Times Fig Ures Only As That Of A Prince Of The Tribe Of Manasseh (num. I. I0, Etc.), Was Hereditary Among The Descendants Of Hillel. Six Per Sons Bearing The Name Are Known. ...
Gambia
Gambia, The Smallest And Most Northerly Of The British West African Dependencies. It Consists Of A Stretch Of Land On Both Sides Of The Lower Gambia. The Colony, With The Protectorate Depend Ent Upon It, Has An Area Of Approximately 4,000 Sq.m. And A Popu Lation (1931) Of 199,5 20, ...
Gambia_2
Gambia, A Large River Of West Africa, And The Only River Of Africa Navigable By Ocean-going Boats At All Seasons For Over 200 M. From Its Mouth. It Rises In About 11 ° 25' N. And 12° 15' W., Within R 5o M. Of The Sea On The North-eastern Escarpment ...
Gamboge
Gamboge (gam-boon (from Camboja, A Name Of The District Whence It Is Obtained), A Gum-resin From Garcinaa Han Burii (nat. Ord. Guttiferae), A Dioecious Tree With Leathery, Laurel Like Leaves, Small Yellow Flowers, And Usually Square-shaped And Four-seeded Fruit, Indigenous To Cambodia And Parts Of Siam And The South Of ...
Gambrel Roof
Gambrel Roof, A Roof In Which, On Each Side Of The Ridge There Are Two Slopes, The Lower More Steep, The Upper Less So, And Which Has Gables At The End Walls. They Are Particularly Characteristic Of American Colonial Work In New England, New York And New Jersey, Although Found ...
Gambrinus
Gambrinus, A Mythical Flemish King Who Is Credited With The First Brewing Of Beer. His Name Is Usually Derived From That Of Jan Primus, I.e., Jan (john) I., The Victorious Duke Of Bra Bant (1261-94), Who Was President Of The Brussels Gild Of Brewers; His Portrait With A Foaming Glass ...
Gaseous Fuels
Gaseous Fuels It Has Already Been Pointed Out That Before Final Combustion All Fuel Is Converted To The Gaseous State. In This Section, However, Fuels Which When Supplied To Consuming Appliances Are Already In The Gaseous Form Will He Considered Separately. These May Be Grouped As Natural Gas, Coal Gas ...
Gaston Alexandre Auguste Galliffet
Galliffet, Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis De, Prince De Martignes (183o-1909), French General, Was Horn In Paris On Jan. 23, 183o. He Entered The Army In 1848; Served With Distinction At The Siege Of Sevastopol In 1855, In The Italian Campaign Of 1859, And In Algeria In 186o, After Which For ...
Gaston Frommel
Frommel, Gaston (1862-1906), Swiss Theologian, Pro Fessor Of Theology In Geneva From 1894 To 1906. An Alsatian By Birth, He Belonged Mainly To French Switzerland. He May Best Be Described As Continuing The Spirit Of Vinet (q.v.) Amid Later Mental Conditions. Like Vinet, He Derived His Philosophy Of Religion From ...
Georg Von Frundsberg
Frundsberg, Georg Von German Soldier, Was Born At Mindelheim On Sept. 29, 1473. He Fought For The German King Maximilian I. Against The Swiss In And In The Same Year Was Among The Imperial Troops Sent To Assist Ludovico Sforza, Duke Of Milan, Against The French. Still Serving Maximilian, He ...
Georg Wilhelm Freytag
Freytag, Georg Wilhelm German Philologist, Was Born At Luneburg On Sept. 19, 1788. He Studied Arabic, Persian And Turkish Under De Sacy At Paris. In 1819 He Became Professor Of Oriental Languages At Bonn. He Died On Nov. 16, 1861. He Edited Two Volumes Of Arabic Songs (hamasae Car Mina, ...
George Fox
Fox, George (1624-91) Was Born In 1624 At Drayton In Leicestershire, The Son Of A Weaver. As A Child He Was Unusually Serious And Sensitive To Right And Wrong. His Relatives Thought Of Educating Him As A Clergyman, But He Was Eventually Apprenticed To A Shoemaker And Grazier. After A ...
George Fuller
Fuller, George (1822-1884), American Figure- And Portrait-painter, Was Born At Deerfield (mass.), In 1822. At The Age Of 20 He Entered The Studio Of The Sculptor H. K. Brown, At Albany (n.y.) , Where He Drew From The Cast And Modelled Heads. Having Attained Some Proficiency He Went About The ...
Giovanni Antonio Galignani
Galignani, Giovanni Antonio Newspaper Publisher, Was Born At Brescia, Italy. After Living Some Time In London, He Went To Paris, Where He Started In 1800 An English Library, And In 1808 A Monthly Publication, The Repertory I Of English Literature. In 1814 He Began To Publish, In Paris, Galignani's Messenger, ...
Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli Nephew And Pupil Of An Drea, Was Born In Venice In 1557. He Became First Organist Of St. Mark's In 1585. His Monument In San Stefano Gives The Date Of His Death As Aug. 12, 1613, But This May Be A Mistake For 1612 As His Post Was ...
Girolamo Frescoealdi
Frescoealdi, Girolamo (1583-1644), Italian Or Ganist And Composer, Was Born In Ferrara. He Studied Under The Cathedral Organist Luzzasco Luzzaschi, And Owed His First Reputa Tion To His Beautiful Voice. He Was Organist At St. Peter's In Rome From 16o8 To 1628. According To Baini No Fewer Than 30,00o People ...
Gorse Or Whin Furze
Furze, Gorse Or Whin, Botanical Name Ulex, A Genus Of Thorny Papilionaceous Shrubs Of The Family Leguminosae, Com Prising 20 Species, Confined To West And Central Europe And North West Africa. Common Furze, U. Europaeus, Is Found On Heaths And Commons In Western Europe From Denmark To Italy And Greece, ...
Gustav Frenssen
Frenssen, Gustav (1863— ), German Author, Was Born At Barlt On Oct. 19, 1863, And Educated At The Universities Of Tubingen, Berlin And Kiel. He Took Orders, And From 1892 To 1902 Was Pastor At Hemme; But He Had Already For Some Years Been Known As A Writer Of Novels, ...
Gustav Freytag
Freytag, Gustav (1816-1895), German Novelist, Was Born At Kreuzburg, In Silesia, On July 13, 1816. He Studied Phi Lology At Breslau And Berlin, And In 1838 Took The Degree With A Remarkable Dissertation, De Initiis Poeseos Scenicae Aped Ger Manos. In 1839 He Settled At Breslau, As Privatdocent In German ...
Hans Christoph Ernst Gagern
Gagern, Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron Von (1766-1852), German Statesman And Political Writer, Was Born At Kleinniedesheim, Near Worms, On Jan. 25, 1766. After Studying Law At The Universities Of Leipzig And Gottingen, He Entered The Service Of The Prince Of Nassau-weilburg. He Was The Prince's En Voy At Paris Until ...
Hans Conon Von Der
Gabelentz, Hans Conon Von Der (1807 1874), German Linguist And Ethnologist, Born At Altenburg On Oct. 13, 1807, Was The Only Son Of Leopold Von Der Gabelentz, Chancellor And Privy-councillor Of The Duchy Of Altenburg. He Studied At Leipzig And Gottingen And After 183o Held Various Public Offices. He Died ...
Harry Emerson Fosdick
Fosdick, Harry Emerson (5878— ), American Divine, Was Born At Buffalo, N.y., On May 24, 1878. He Graduated From Colgate University In 1900, And From Union Theological Seminary, New York City, In 1904. Ordained Into The Baptist Ministry In 1903, He Was Pastor Of The First Church, Montclair, N.j., 1904-15. ...
Heinrich Friedjung
Friedjung, Heinrich Austrian His Torian, Was Born At Rostin, Moravia, Of Jewish Parents. Fried Jung Spent Much Of His Career In Political Journalism ; He Was A Pronounced German Nationalist, And The Chief Author Of The Nationalist Unser Programme Of 1885. At The Same Time He De Voted Himself To ...
Heinrich
Heinrich, Freiherr Von Gagern (1799-188o), The Third Son, Fought At Waterloo In The Nassau Contingent. After The War, He Studied Law At Heidelberg, Gottingen, Jena And Geneva. As A Student He Had Been A Member Of The Burschensc/ia F T, And He Now Threw Himself Into Open Opposition To The ...
Henry Clay Frick
Frick, Henry Clay (1849-1919), American Manu Facturer And Philanthropist, Was Born At West Overton (pa.), On June 17, 1849. He Early Became Interested In The Coke Business. In 1871 He Organized The Firm Of Frick And Co., Which Ultimately Acquired Large Coal Deposits And Ran 12,000 Coke Ovens. He Was ...
Henry Fuseli
Fuseli, Henry (1741-1825), Anglo-swiss Painter And Author, Was Born At Zurich On Feb. 7, 1741, The Son Of John Caspar Fiissli, Painter And Lexicographer. At The Collegium Curolinum At Zurich He Formed A Fast Friendship With Lavater, And On Leaving College Both The Friends Took Orders. They Were Soon Forced ...
Horace Howard Furness
Furness, Horace Howard American Shakespearian Scholar, Was Born In Philadelphia On Nov. 2, 1833, The Son Of William Henry Furness (18o2-96), Minister Of The First Unitarian Church In That City. He Graduated At Harvard In 1854, And Was Admitted To The Bar In 1859, But Soon Devoted Him Self To ...
Hubert Joseph Walther Frere Orban
Frere-orban, Hubert Joseph Walther (1812-1896), Belgian Statesman, Was Born At Liege On April 24, 1812. After Studying Law In Paris, He Practised As A Barrister At Liege, Took A Prominent Part In The Liberal Movement, And In June 1847 Was Returned To The Chamber As Member For Liege. He Was ...
Iunius Annaeus Gallio
Gallio, Iunius Annaeus (originally Lucius An Naeus Novatus), Son Of The Rhetorician L. Annaeus Seneca And The Elder Brother Of L. Annaeus Seneca The Philosopher, Was Born At Corduba (cordova) About The Beginning Of The Christian Era. At Rome He Was Adopted By L. Iunius Gallio, A Rhetorician. Both Seneca ...
Jakob Frank
Frank, Jakob , A Jewish Theologian, Founded In Poland A Sect Which Emanated From Judaism But Ended By Merging With Christianity. The Sect, The Outcome Of The Messianic Mysticism Of Sabbetai Zebi, Was An Antinomian Movement In Which The Authority Of The Jewish Law Was Held To Be Superseded By ...
Jakob Friedrich Fries
Fries, Jakob Friedrich German Phil Osopher, Was Born At Barby, Saxony, On Aug. Having Studied At Niesky, Leipzig And Jena, In 18o6 He Became Professor Of Philosophy And Elementary Mathematics At Heidelberg. His Philosophical Position With Regard To His Contemporaries Is Set Forth In Reinhold, Fichte And Schelling (2803; Reprinted ...
Jakob Frohschammer
Frohschammer, Jakob (1821-1893), German Theo Logian And Philosopher, Was Born At Illkof En, Near Regensburg, On Jan. 6, 1821. He Studied Theology At Munich And In 1847 Became A Priest. In 185o He Published Beitrdge Zur Kirchen Geschichte, Which Was Placed On The Index Expurgatorius, And In 1854, His Uber ...
James Anthony Froude
Froude, James Anthony English Historian, Son Of R. H. Froude, Archdeacon Of Totnes, Was Born At Dartington, Devon, On April 23, 1818. He Was Educated At West Minster And Oriel College, Oxford, Then The Centre Of The Ecclesias Tical Revival, And Was Elected A Fellow Of Exeter College (1842). Froude ...
James Baillie Fraser
Fraser, James Baillie (1783-1856), Scottish Trav Eller And Author, Was Born At Reelick In Inverness. He Went To India Early In Life, And In 1815 Made A Tour Of Exploration In The Himalayas. He Was Appointed To Look After The Exiled Persian Princes, Reza Kuli Mirza And Nejeff Kuli Mirza, ...
James Earle Fraser
Fraser, James Earle ), American Sculp Tor, Was Born At Winona, Minn., On Nov. 4, 1876. In The Public Schools Of Minneapolis He Early Revealed His Talent By Carving Figures From Sticks Of Chalk Given Him To Do His Sums. His Father, An Engineer, Then At Work On The Construction ...
James Gadsden
Gadsden, James (1788-1858), American Soldier And Diplomat, Was Born At Charleston, S.c., On The 15th Of May 1788, The Grandson Of Christopher Gadsden. After Graduating At Yale In 1806, He Became A Merchant In His Native City, And In The War Of 1812 Served In The Regular U.s. Army As ...
James Gairdner
Gairdner, James (1828-1912), English Historian, Son Of John Gairdner, M.d., Was Born In Edinburgh On March 22, 1828. Educated In His Native City, He Entered The Public Record Office In London In 1846, Becoming Assistant Keeper Of The Public Records (1859-93). He Died At Pinner, Middlesex, On Nov. 4, 1912. ...
James Gambier Gambier
Gambier, James Gambier, Baron English Admiral, Was Born On Oct. 13, 1756, At The Bahamas, Of Which His Father, John Gambier, Was Lieutenant-governor. Family Interest Procured Him Rapid Promotion In The Navy, Which He Entered In 1767, And In 1778 He Was Raised To The Rank Of Post Captain And ...
Jean Baptiste Franceschi
Franceschi, Jean Baptiste, Baron (1766-1813), French General, Was Born At Bastia, Corsica, On Dec. 5, 1766, And Entered The French Service In 1793. He Served In Italy From 1795 To 1799, Again As A General Officer In The Campaign Of Marengo, In The Naples Campaign Of 1805–o6, And In The ...
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-183o), French Mathematician, Was Born At Auxerre On March 2i, 1768. Left An Orphan At Eight Years Old, He Was Educated At The Military School Of Auxerre, Where He Became A Teacher Of Mathematics (1784) . He Taught At The Ecole Norniale At Paris From Its ...
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault
Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon French Physicist, Was The Son Of A Publisher At Paris, Where He Was Born On Sept. 18, 1819. After Studying Medicine He Became In Terested In Experimental Physics. With A. H. L. Fizeau (q.v.) He Carried On A Series Of Investigations In Light And Heat. By ...
Jean Froissart
Froissart, Jean (1338-141o?), French Chronicler And Raconteur, Historian Of His Own Times. His Forefathers Were Jures (aldermen) Of The Little Town Of Beaumont, Lying Near The River Sambre, To The West Of The Forest Of Ardennes. His Father, Who Seems To Have Been A Painter Of Armorial Bearings, Migrated To ...
Jean Or Jehan Fouquet
Fouquet, Jean Or Jehan (c. French Painter, Born At Tours, Is The Most Representative And National French Painter Of The 15th Century. He Was In Italy About Where He Executed The Portrait Of Pope Eugenius Iv., And Upon His Return To France, Whilst Retaining His Purely French Sentiment, He Grafted ...
Johan Friis
Friis, Johan Danish Statesman, Was Born In And Was Educated At Odense And At Copenhagen, Completing His Studies Abroad. He Was One Of The First Of The Magnates To Adhere To The Reformation And Its Promoter King Frederick I. (1523-1533). Friis, Who Made A Fortune Out Of The Church Lands, ...
Johann Fust
Fust, Johann (c. 1400-1466), Early German Printer, Belonged To A Rich And Respectable Burgher Family Of Mainz, Which Is Known To Have Flourished From 1423, And To Have Held Many Civil And Religious Offices. Johann Fust Appears To Have Been A Money-lender Or Banker. He Advanced Money To Gutenberg (apparently ...
Johann Jacob Froberger
Froberger, Johann Jacob German Organist And Composer, Was Born At Halle And Died Near Montbel Liard On May 7, 1667. He Was Appointed Court Organist At Vienna In 1637, But Did Not Immediately Enter On His Functions As He Spent The Years 1637-41 At Rome Studying Under The Great Master ...
Johann Joseph Fux
Fux, Johann Joseph (166o-1741), Austrian Musician, Was Born At Hirtenfeld, Styria. In 1696 He Was Organist At One Of The Principal Churches Of Vienna, And In 1698 Was Appointed By The Emperor Leopold I. As His "imperial Court-composer," With A Salary Of About £6 A Month. At The Court Of ...
Johann Maria Philipp Frimont
Frimont, Johann Maria Philipp, Count Of Palota, Prince Of Antr0d0cco (1759-1831), Austrian General, Entered The Austrian Cavalry As A Trooper In 1776, Won His Com Mission In The War Of The Bavarian Succession, And Took Part In The Turkish Wars And In The Early Campaigns Against The French Revolutionary Armies ...
Johann Peter Frank
Frank, Johann Peter German Phy Sician, Was Born On March At Rodalben, Bavaria, And Studied At Heidelberg And Strasbourg. He Became Court And Gar Rison Physician In Rastadt (1769), Professor In Gottingen (1784), In Pavia (1785), Director Of Sanitation In Lombardy (1786), And In 1795 Sanitary Officer To The Vienna ...
Johannes Fyt
Fyt, Johannes (16o9-1661), Belgian Animal Painter, Was Born At Antwerp And Christened On Aug. 19, 1609. He Was Regis Tered Apprentice To Hans Van Den Berghe In 1621. At 20 Johannes Fyt Entered The Gild Of St. Luke As A Master, And From That Time Till His Death In 1661 ...
John Charles Fremont
Fremont, John Charles American Explorer, Soldier And Political Leader, Was Born In Savannah, Georgia. His Father, A Native Of France, Died When The Boy Was In His Sixth Year, And His Mother, A Member Of An Aristocratic Virginia Family, Removed To Charleston; S.c., Where Fremont's Youth Was Spent. In 1828 ...
John Fothergill
Fothergill, John (1712-1780), English Physician, Was Born Of A Quaker Family On March 8, 1712, At Carr End In Yorkshire. His Pamphlet Entitled "account Of The Sore Throat Attended With Ulcers" (1748) Contains One Of The First Descrip Tions Of Diphtheria In English, And Was Translated Into Several Languages. He ...
John Fowler
Fowler, John (1826-1864), English Inventor, Was Born At Melksham, Wilts, On July I 1, 1826. He Invented, About 185o, A Mechanical System For The Drainage Of Land. In 1852 He Began ' Experiments In Steam Cultivation, And In 1858 The Royal Agricul Tural Society Awarded Him The Prize Of F ...
John Foxe
Foxe, John (1516-1587), The Author Of The Famous Book Of Martyrs, Was Born At Boston, Lincolnshire. At The Age Of 16 He Is Said To Have Entered Brasenose College, Oxford. His Authenti Cated Connexion At The University Is, However, With Magdalen Col Lege, Of Which He Became A Fellow In ...
John Frederick Charles Fuller
Fuller, John Frederick Charles (1878 ), British Soldier, Was Born On Sept. 1, 1878, Entered The Army In 1898, And Served In The South African War. In The World War, After Holding A Variety Of Staff Appointments, He Became Chief General Staff Officer Of The Tank Corps In April 1917. ...