FROHSCHAMMER, JAKOB (1821-1893), German theo logian and philosopher, was born at Illkof en, near Regensburg, on Jan. 6, 1821. He studied theology at Munich and in 1847 became a priest. In 185o he published Beitrdge zur Kirchen geschichte, which was placed on the Index Expurgatorius, and in 1854, his Uber den Ursprung der snenschliclien Seelen, which maintained that the human soul was not individually created, but was the result of a secondary creative act on the part of the parents, and that soul like body was subject to the laws of heredity. This was supplemented in 1855, the year in which he became professor of philosophy in Munich, by the controversial Menschenseele and Physiologie. The Einleitung in die Philosophie and Grundriss der Metaphysik, of 1858, assailed the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas, that philosophy was the handmaid of theology. In 1861 appeared Uber die Aufgabe der Naturphilosophie and ihr Verhdltnis zur Naturwissenschaft, and Uber die Freiheit der W issenscha f t, in which he declared the independence of science from authority, and reproached the excessive respect for the latter in the Roman Church. In 1862 he founded Athenauns as organ of Liberal Catholicism, writing for it the first adequate German account of the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Excom municated in 1871, he replied with Der Fels Petri in Rom (1873), Der Primat Petri and des Papstes (1875), and Das Christentum Christi and das Christentum des Papstes (1876). Of his later philosophical works, the most important are : Die Phantasie als Grundprincip des Weltprocesses (1877), Uber die Genesis der Menschlieit (1883), and Ober die Organisation and Cultur der menschlichen Gesellschaft (1885). He died at Bad Kreuth, Bavaria, on June 14, Frohschammer's autobiography was published in A. Hinrichsen's Deutsche Denker (1888). See also E. Reich, Weltanschauung and Menschenleben; Betrachtungen caber die Philosophie J. Frohschammers (1894) ; B. Munz, J. Frohschammer (1894) and Briefe von and caber J. Frohschammer (1897) ; J. Friedrich, J. Frohschammer (1896) and Systematische and kritische Darstellung der Psychologie J. Froh schammers (1899) ; A. Attensperger, J. Frohschammers philosophisches System (1899) .