LULLULA.
Tail very short ; ist primary distinctly visible, about is m.m. long ; sexes alike; head slightly crested.
Lullula arborea arborea (L.). \tOOD-LARK. Fr. Alouette lulu ; Ger. Heidelerche ; Ital. Tottavilla ; Swed. Tradlarka.
? adult. Above reddish olive brown with black streaks and a white stripe behind eye ; beneath dull yellowish white, streaked on foreneck and chest ; conspicuous buffish white patch on side of wing ; hind claw longer than in Skylark ; crest rounded. Bill thin, dark brown above, paler below. Legs and feet pale flesh brown. Wing 91-1o1, ? 90-95. Tarsus 21-22. Bill to-t Young : above very rufous with white or buff tips and margins.
Breeds.—British Isles, and Europe north to S. Scandinavia, S. Finland, Russia to about 6o° N., and east to Urals, south to S. Spain and Sicily, rare in Germany and Denmark. Migratory in colder parts of breeding range ; occurs in winter Lower Egypt and N.W. Africa. Rare on passage in Malta.
L. arborea familiaris Parrot. Less red above, more greyish, especially on rump.
Breeds.—Corsica and Sardinia.
L. arborea fiaveseens Ehmcke. Edges of feathers lighter than in typical form, contrasting strongly with dark feather centres.
Breeds.—Greece, Macedonia, Rumania to S. Russia.
UDA.
Bill stronger than in "Lullula," more slender than in " Calandrella"; I st primary visible but very small ; secondaries long, do not reach tips of primaries.
Alauda arvensis arvensis L. SKYLARK. Fr. Alouette des champs ; Ger. Feldlerche ; Ital. Lodola ; Swed. Sanglarka.
d' 9 Above brown with dark centres and buff or tawny margins, crest slight ; beneath whitish, throat spotted and chest streaked with brown, under wing coverts and axillaries greyish buff, two outer pairs of tail feathers all or partly white. Hind claw long and straight, longer than hind toe, 12-IS, occasionally 22 m.m. long. Bill above dark brown, pale below. Legs and feet
yellow brown. Wing a too-118, 9 97-106. Tarsus 24-25. Bill 9-11. In winter more rufous. Young : dark brown above with rusty edges and buffish white spots.
Breeds.—Europe generally except extreme south, in Scan dinavia to about 7o° N., in Spain south to Ebro, N. Italy, N. Hungary, Russia south to about so°. Migratory ; occurs in winter in S. Europe, Mediterranean Islands, N.W. Africa ; many winter in C. Europe north to Britain and Baltic Sea.
A. arvensis cantarella Bonaparte. Margins of upper parts greyer, less brown ; underparts whiter ; as a rule smaller.
are not easy to elicit but it appears never to be so rufous in winter as typical form. Breeds.—Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily (Meinertz hagen).
A. arvensis cinarescens Ehmcke. Greyer and paler than "cantarella." Appears never to assume rufous plumage at any age or season. Generally smaller.
Breeds.—S.E. Europe, Balkans to Russia, also W. Siberia. Found in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in winter, as well as in S.E. Europe.
A. arvensis harterti Whitaker. Not so dark as typical form, which occurs with it in winter. Bill longer and more slender.
Breeds.—N. Tunisia, N. and C. Algeria, Moroccan Atlas.
A. arvensis sierra Weigold. Nearest "cantarella," rather blacker on upper parts ; wing and tail average smaller and bill usually slightly longer.
Breeds.—Spain (Sierra Nevada), Portugal (Sierra da Estrella).
A. arvensis guillelmi Witherby. Bill longer than in " cantar ella " or typical form ; more black on upper parts and wings ; dull white beneath with no huffish tinge. Wing 1o6-112 (H.).
Breeds.—N. Portugal.