Two views of Haleakala are presented. Plate i IA is a re storation—an attempt to show the appearance of the caldera as if one were situated in a balloon a thousand feet above the high est point. It is reduced from a painting by E. Bailey, based upon W. D. Alexander's early map. Plate it B is a photograph of the south wall of Kaupo, with views of same of the smaller craters inside the pit, taken by Mr. R. C. Barrows of the University of Wisconsin.
The most striking feature in the topography is the presence of numerous canyons wherever the rainfall has been considerable. East of Kaupo there are twenty-two of them before reaching the east point of the island ; thirteen between Nahiku and the outlet of Koolau, twenty-six between Koolau and the western limit near Haiku. Although there is plenty of rainfall in the district of Hana, the canyons are wanting: due, one would say, to the recency of the lava flows there. The map seems to indicate an eastern projection of the island. There is an enormous depres sion called Kipahulu to the eastward of Haleakala not yet geo logically studied, which with some other smaller craters would seem to have been competent to discharge the lavas of Hana. The absence of deep canyons on the west side of Haleakala has been already stated to be due to the absence of any considerable rain fall. There are, however, a dozen shallow ones there. Thus East Maui furnishes excellent illustrations of the formation of canyons as well as their absence, upon the same high mountains.
Between Kaupo and Hana upon the south side of the island it is impracticable to build roads along the sea shore, and conse quently the traveling is excessively wearisome, it being necessary to descend into every gorge and rise to every ridge from four hundred to seven hundred feet each. The intervals between them are rarely as great as half a mile, and often the separating plat form is a mere edge. The trail is well built, but the constant
succession of ascents and descents renders traveling there very tiresome for the beasts of burden. The ravines are represented to be wonderful scenes of tropical vegetable splendor.
The abundant rainfall upon Maui has been utilized for irrigat ing the sugar plantations upon the west and north sides of Halea kala. There was first the one built in 1878 by Baldwin and Alexander. Next came one situated on the same windward side of the island, constructed in 1879-8o by Mr. Spreckels. It is about thirty miles long, of fifty million gallons daily capacity delivered at an elevation of two hundred and fifty feet, and is known as the Haiku ditch. A third, called the Lowrie ditch, was finished in 1904. It gathers the water at an elevation of 1,250 feet and discharges into the other ditches. It is ten miles long, of which seven and one-half are in tunnels, the rest being in open canals and flumes. The tunnels are all in solid rock, thirty-eight in number, eight feet wide and seven high, with a daily capacity of eighty-five million gallons. Water is conveyed by these tunnels as far as to Kihei on the south shore of the island. Upon West Maui the Honokahau ditch has been completed re cently, having a daily capacity of thirty million gallons. It is thirteen and a half miles long on a grade of five feet per mile, has two hundred feet of thirty-six-inch syphon pipes and three and a half miles of tunneling. The water is delivered at the elevation of seven hundred feet. Six million gallons are obtained at an altitude of 2,60o feet from a tunnel in solid rock 2,60o feet long, whose exterior surface showed no signs of water like springs and streams. This ground water is very constant, fluctuating slightly with the rainfall in the immediate vicinity, while the mountain behind rises 3,00o feet higher than the excavation.