MAUI.
The general topographical features of Maui are shown in the illustration Plate io. It should be said that the reliefs of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui are copied from models of those islands that were prepared and copyrighted by Professor Willis T. Pope of the College of Hawaii. They are a great improvement upon the reliefs of an earlier date, for which I was responsible, with the help of Professor Edgar Wood of the Normal School. I have ventured upon some slight improvements, such as to change the scale in the title, the removal of much lettering that is too small to be readily seen, and to the use of larger letters more easily seen but fewer in number. The descriptive matter upon each of the reliefs is the same with that given by Professor Pope, except that I have used the figures for the Sugar Crop of 1907 rather than of 1906.
This is a double island just like Oahu, with a similar history, the western part being much the oldest. The areas are also more completely separated, the width of the neck being about six miles, and the altitude at the middle one hundred and fifty-six feet in stead of eight hundred and eighty-eight on Oahu. The material of this low ground is an eolian calcareous sand. West Maui rises to the altitude of 5,788 feet in Puu Kukui, two miles south of the crateriform Eeke, 4,50o feet. The amount of erosion pro duced by the streams is wonderful, as many as eighty canyons being delineated upon the map. Of these five are notable for their great size, the first pair, so to speak, consisting of Iao run ning upwards westerly from Wailuku and joining Olowaina upon the southwest, with a knife-edge gap between, of the altitude of nearly 3,00o feet. This is comparable with the Nuuanu valley and the Pali of Oahu. The longest ravine is from Kukui due north to the sea, about eight miles in length. On the northeast side, and north of Iao are the two valleys of Waihee and Waiehu, at whose base is a large sugar plantation. South of the Iao Olowaina line are as many as twenty deeply incised canyons, somewhat irregular. There are two pinnacles, one in the Iao valley three hundred feet or more high, somewhat suggestive of the Tower of Pelee in Martinique, and the other Puu Koai on the north side next to the sea, six hundred and thirty-four feet high.
East Maui has more liberal dimensions, culminating in the Pendulum Peak or Pukaoaa 10,032 feet, on the edge of the great caldera Haleakala, and with an area six times greater than that of West Maui. Because of the great altitude the trade wind de posits its moisture chiefly upon the east side, thus providing perennial deluges below the contour of 7,000 feet on the east, and leaving an arid desert upon the lee slope. The caldera may be compared to an elbow bent to an acute angle, the outer border corresponding to the "crazy-bone" being sharper than the inner, say 45° and 80° respectively. It is five miles from angle to angle, four miles from the south wall to the proper north edge of the platform of 7,00o altitude; nearly seven miles from Pendulum Peak to the east wall. These walls slope both northerly and easterly from 2,50o and 3,00o to 2,000 feet at the north and over I,000 feet at the south. The more northern is the Koolau gap, the southeastern the Kaupo. The floor is essentially 7,00o feet high, with sixteen craters made of cinders in the southern part of the depression, of which the highest is nine hundred feet, and none of them less than four hundred. It will be noted that this depression corresponds to the wind gaps seen in the median part of all the Hawaiian highlands like the Pali on Koolauloa in Oahu and the crest of West Maui. Yet the origin of the Haleakala gap is most probably to be sought in igneous rather than aqueous action. I do not find that observers have de scribed the character of the Koolau canyon, whether distinct flows of lava can be seen, or whether it is a valley of erosion to a considerable extent. The Kaupo valley is filled with igneous discharges sent forth before the development of the sixteen small craters, which by the map seem connected with Kaupo rather than with Koolau. The complex structure of the caldera will be set forth later. By the Pendulum investigations of Mr. E. D. Pres ton, it would appear that Haleakala is a solid mountain, in dis tinction from Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, where subterranean lava tunnels abound.